Endo

Question 1

Features limited to Graves

Answer 1

• pretibial myxoedema
• eye signs:
  Exophthalmos
  Opthalmoplegia
• Thyroid acropachy (triad):
  digital clubbing
  soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet
  periosteal new bone formation

Question 2

Antibodies in graves disease?

Answer 2

TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (90%)
anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (75%)

Question 3

SGLT-2 inhibitor MOA + side effects

Answer 3

SGLT-2 inhibitors reversibly inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion

Side effects:
urinary and genital infection (secondary to glycosuria). Fournier’s gangrene has also been reported
normoglycaemic ketoacidosis
increased risk of lower-limb amputation: feet should be closely monitored