Endo

Question 1

What is disorder of excessive systemic copper called?

Answer 1

Wilson’s disease

Question 2

What are Kayser-Fleischer rings?

Answer 2

copper deposits in eye from Wilson’s disease

Question 3

What lab test confirms hyperparathyroidism

Answer 3

Elevated PTH

Question 4

What is congenital cause of hypocalcemia due to parathyroid hypoplasia, thymic hypoplasia, and cardiac outflow track defect called?

Answer 4

DeGeorge syndrome

Question 5

What is the etiology of 80% of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 5

Graves disease

Question 6

How are the reflexes in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 6

brisk

Question 7

What antibodies are positive in Graves?

Answer 7

Thyroperoxidase and Thyroglobulin

Question 8

What meds are used to control symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 8

beta-blockers, like propranolol

Question 9

what is the drug of choice for hyperthyroidism in a pregnant or lactating female?

Answer 9

PTU

Question 10

Most common cause of hypthryoidism?

Answer 10

Hashimotos

Question 11

What two meds commonly cause hypothyroidism?

Answer 11

Lithium and Amiodarone

Question 12

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

Answer 12

pituitary gland necrosis that occurs after childbirth

Question 13

Two most common symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 13

weakness

coarse, dry skin

Question 14

Single best screening for hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

TSH level

Question 15

Hallmark of myxedema crisis?

Answer 15

altered mental status

Question 16

Most common cause of a painful thyroid?

Answer 16

deQuervain’s thyroiditis

Question 17

Treatment of choice for deQuervain’s?

Answer 17

aspirin

Question 18

Most common cause of sporadic goiter in kids (and most common thyroid disease in the US)?

Answer 18

Hashimoto’s

Question 19

Most common benign nodule of thyroid?

Answer 19

Follicular adenoma

Question 20

What cell has eosinophil staining and malignant potential in thyroid?

Answer 20

Hurtle Cell

Question 21

Which thyroid nodules require surgery?

Answer 21

cold hypo-functioning nodules

Question 22

Most sensitive test to identify thyroid lesions?

Answer 22

ultrasound

Question 23

Which thyroid cancer is most common?

Answer 23

papillary

Question 24

What thyroid cancer often mets to Lung / Liver and Brain / Bone?

Answer 24

Follicular

Question 25

What childhood exposure increases risk of thyroid cancer 25x?

Answer 25

radiation

Question 26

Diagnostic criteria for prediabetes?

Answer 26

A1C = 5.7% - 6.4% Fasting Glucose: 100-125 OGTT (2hr): 140-199

Question 27

In patients with poor control of their metabolic syndrome with diet / exercise alone, what medication is recommended?

Answer 27

metformin

Question 28

Leading cause of blindness in adults >60yrs old?

Answer 28

diabetic retinopathy

Question 29

Most common complication of DM?

Answer 29

neuropathy

Question 30

Characteristic pattern of occurrence with diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 30

peripheral symmetric polyneuropathy (stocking / glove distribution)

Question 31

First line intervention, all diabetics should be counseled on what?

Answer 31

diet

Question 32

In diabetic patients with increased cardiovascular risk, what med is used in primary prevention?

Answer 32

daily aspirin (75-325mg)

Question 33

Most common first line agent in DM treatment?

Answer 33

metformin

Question 34

What vitamin deficiency can be seen in long-term metformin use?

Answer 34

Vitamin B12

Question 35

How often are ophthalmologic exams recommended in monitoring for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 35

annually

Question 36

Elevated LDL levels increase risk of what disease process?

Answer 36

CAD

Question 37

Severe elevations of triglycerides can cause what disease process?

Answer 37

pancreatitis

Question 38

Recommended first-line management of patients with hyperlipidemia?

Answer 38

Lifestyle - diet and at least 30min of daily exercise

Question 39

Common side effects seen with statins?

Answer 39

myalgias and GI complaints

Question 40

Common side effect with niacin, and how can it be reduced?

Answer 40

prostaglandin-induced flushing: reduce by taking ASA 30min prior, OR a daily NSAID

Question 41

What class of medications are most potent for lowering triglyceride levels and increasing HDL?

Answer 41

fibric acid derivatives

Question 42

Potential complications from fibric acid derivatives?

Answer 42

gallstones, hepatitis, myositis

Question 43

Common symptoms of hypercortisolism?

Answer 43

obesity HTN thirst polyuria

Question 44

Characteristic physical features of hypercortisolism?

Answer 44

"buffalo hump" moon facies supraclavicular pads

Question 45

Most specific signs indicative of hypercortisolism?

Answer 45

proximal muscle weakness | pigmented striae >1cm wide

Question 46

You suspect a patient has hypercortisolism, what diagnostic tests would aid decision making?

Answer 46

dexamethasone suppression test | 24hr urine collection (free cortisol and creatinine)

Question 47

What threshold of plasma / serum ACTH would be suggestive of an adrenal tumor?

Answer 47

ACTH <20 pg/mL

Question 48

What exam finding is only found in primary Addison disease?

Answer 48

hyperpigmentation (due to high ACTH)

Question 49

What signs / symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with Addison crisis?

Answer 49

``` hypotension acute abdominal / low back pain vomiting / diarrhea dehydration altered mental status ```