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Clinical Med II > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine

A

glands lack ducts and thus must secrete hormones into surrounding blood capillaries

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

glands secrete their products into a duckt

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3
Q

regulatory chemical secreted into the blood by and endocrine gland or organ.

A

Hormone

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4
Q

most hormones are _______

A

excitatory

“excite” or “to stir up”

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5
Q

Endocrine gland secretes hormones via two mechanisms

A

Stored:
Hormones may be stored in large amounts within cellular secretory granules and released upon stimulation

Synthesized and secreted:
Or they are continually synthesized and secreted

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6
Q

what is the only thing that respond to a given hormone?

A

the target cell

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7
Q

Composed of chains of amino acids that are shorter than about 100 amino acids

A

Polypeptides

ex: insulin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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8
Q

Composed of a polypeptide longer than 100 amino acids to which is attached a carbohydrate.

A

Glycoproteins

ex: FSH and LH

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9
Q

Derieved from the amino acids tyrosine and trytophan, they include hormones secreted by the adrenals, thyroid and pieoneal glands

A

Amines

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10
Q

Lipid-soluble: dereived from cholesterol

A

Steroids

ex: testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol

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11
Q

secreted by the testes, ovaries, placenta and adrenal cortex

A

sex steroids

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12
Q

secreted only by the adrenals

A

corticosteroids

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13
Q

Corticosteroids include:

A
  1. Cortisol (regulates glucose balance)

2. Aldosterone, (regulates salt balance)

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14
Q

4 types of hormones

A

Polypeptides
Glycoproteins
Amines
Steroids

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15
Q

Paracrine (online definition)

A

relating to or denoting a hormone that has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.

denoting a type of hormone function in which hormone synthesized in and released from endocrine cells binds to its receptor in nearby cells and affects their function.

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16
Q

Paracrine Regulation

A

When the chemical regulatory molecules are release and act within an organ.
The cells of an organ regulate one another.
Work without being transported by the blood
Occurs in many organs and amoung the cells of the immune system

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17
Q

Paracrine examples

A

Cytokines
Growth Factors
Prostaglandins

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18
Q

Prostaglandins

A

drived from the precursor molecule arachidonic acid, released from cell membrane under hormonal or other stinulation/stress. Promotes many aspects of inflammations, including pain and fever.

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19
Q

Growth factor

A

promotes growth and cell division of specific organs.

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20
Q

Cytokines

A

regulate diff cells of the immune system

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21
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

Caused by hormone imbalance

results when hormone secretion, synthesis, or actions have failed to elicit a normal target tissue or organ response.

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22
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____________ to the anterior pituitary and ________________ to the posterior pituitary, and directly effects the adrenals

A

releasing hormones, neuro signal

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23
Q

is composed of neuraons that secrete neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Posterior pituitary stores and secretes what hormones?

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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25
The "love" hormone
Oxytocin stretching of cervix and uterus during labor bonding, anxiety, fear, depression, romantic attachment, sexual arousal, maternal behaviors
26
Oversees fluid homeostasis by mediating water absorption in the kidney nephrons
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
27
ADH
relased when the body is dehydrated and causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume.
28
Diabetes insidpidus
A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination. Hypernatremia, polyuria and polydipsia
29
SIADH
Syndrome of inappopriate antidiuretic hormone Cancer (small cell CA), CNS infections, brain bleeding Rx: antidepressants and carbamazepine, vincristine, fluoroquinolones
30
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Anterior Pituitary fails to produce ADH
31
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Kidney fails to repond to ADH
32
Tropic hormones
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
33
Hormones
a product of living cells that circulates in body fluids (such as blood) or sap and produces a specific often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells usually remote from its point of origin; also : a synthetic substance that acts like a hormone.
34
Autocrine
denoting or relating to a cell-produced substance that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted.
35
Negative Feedback
a regulatory mechanism in which a 'stimulus' causes an opposite 'output' in order to maintain an ideal level of whatever is being regulated. Steps of Negative Feedback Loops All negative feedback loops occur in a series of steps.
36
Somogyi effect
hyperglycemia following an episode of hypoglycemia; especially : hyperglycemia that occurs after breakfast following nocturnal hypoglycemia and that may occur in type 1 diabetes especially when too much insulin has been taken the day before —called also Somogyi phenomenon.
37
Endocrine
relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood:
38
Diurnal variation
Variations that occur at night... need to update
39
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma. This is generally a blood sugar level higher than 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl ), but symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 15–20 mmol/l (~250–300 mg/dl ).
40
Paracrine
relating to or denoting a hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it.
41
Positive feedback
process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action.
42
Dawn Phenomenon
The dawn phenomenon, sometimes called the dawn effect, is an early-morning (usually between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m.) increase in blood sugar (glucose) which occurs to some extent in all humans, more relevant to people with diabetes.
43
Hypoglycemia
Reactive or postprandial hypoglycemia, thought to be a precursor of diabetes mellitus, is a form of low blood sugar that develops rather suddenly several hours after ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal. It is characterized by a blood sugar level of 50 mg/100 ml or less, and symptoms of palpitations, sweating, anxiety, hunger, and tremulousness.
44
Sheehan Syndrome
Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum pituitary gland necrosis, is hypopituitarism (decreased functioning of the pituitary gland), caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth.
45
Anterior pituitary Hormones
``` Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormon (TSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)2 Follicle-stimlating hormone (FSH) ```
46
Posterior pituitary hormones
``` Oxytocin Arginine Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) ```
47
Laron Syndrom
GH deficiency dwarfism
48
Addison's dx
bilateral adrenal gland destruction
49
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone | Too much anti diuretic hormone causing the tissues in the body to retain water and "dilute" therefore hyponatremia
50
Diabetes insipidus
too little ADH therefore pee it all out and hypernatremia. (dehydration)
51
GH is secreted in what manner?
pulsitile
52
largest surge of GH occurs when
about an hour after onset of sleep.
53
nearly 50% of GH secretio occurs when
3rd and 4th NREM sleep stages
54
stimulators of GH
androgens during puberty, clonidine/levadopa, nicotine, hypoglycemia, fasing, vigorous exercise
55
Inhibiors of GH secretion
circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1, hyperglycemia, glucocorticoids, dihydrotestosterone
56
Cause of GH
pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells (adenoma)... acromegally
57
Chronic elevated ACTH levels occure in primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease (low cortisol) Adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient
58
Excess ACTH with excess cortisol
Cushings
59
Excess ACTH with cortisol deficiency
Addison's
60
aldosterone does what to the body
maintains the right balance of salt and water while helping to control blood pressure
61
Where is aldosterone produced in the body
adrenal cortex
62
what part of the adrenal gland is epi/adrenaline and norepi/noradrenaline produces
Medulla
63
specific symptoms of adrenal insufficiency
skin hyperpigmentation, postural hypotension, salt cravings, psychosis
64
primary adrenal insufficiency
Addison's dx autoimmne attack on the adrenal glands not enough aldosterone or cortisol
65
Adrenal crisis
No cortisol Life threatening emergency
66
Pheochromocytoma located where
adrenal medulla | stimulates E and NE all the time (so a secondary streen for HTN.
67
rule of 10's
Pheochromocytoma 10% malignant (lymph node, liver, lung, bone and muscle 10% bilateral 10% extra adrenal 10% familial
68
secondary adrenal insufficiency
reduced secretion of ACTH
69
Causes of Primary adrenal insufficiency
autoimmune infection: TB, fungal (hystoplasmosis), HIV thromobosis, necrosis or hemorrhage to adrenal cortex
70
causes secondary adrenal insufficiency
empty sella syndrome, sarcoidosis, tumors, histocytosis sheehan's dx: ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe blood loss during pregnancy head trauma
71
causes of tertiary adrenal insufficiency
long term use of glucocorticoids
72
lab studies for adrenal insufficiency
``` increased creatnine/bun hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypoglycemia normocytic anemia elevated TSH ```
73
five S's for adrenal crisis treatment
``` Salt (saline) Sugar (dextrose) Steroids (cortisol) Support Search illness ```
74
Plummer's dx
autonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules that produce hyperthyroidism are known as toxic multinodular gointer.
75
Euthyroid sick syndrome
patients without known thyroid disease who are found to have a low serum FT4 with serum TSH that is not elevated. This syndrome can be seen in patients with severe illness, caloric deprivation, or major surgery
76
serum levels of T4 and T3 that are excessive for the individual
Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxosis)
77
symptoms in hyperparathyroidism
bones, stones, abdominal groans, psychic moans with fatigue overtones
78
recommended calcium intake for post menopausal female
1200-1500 mg day
79
recommended vit D intake for post menopausal female
800-1000
80
cvostek's
contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear.
81
Trousseau's
carpal spasm by inflation of a sphygmomanometer above systolic blood pressure for three minutes
82
Wermer's syndrome
MEN1 Parathyroid hyperplasia multicentric pituitary tumors pancreatic tumors
83
Sipple syndrome
Men 2A medullary carcinoma of the thyroid pheochromocytoma hyperparathyroidism
84
MEN 2B
medullary carcinoma of the thyroid pheochromocytoma mucosal neuromas

Clinical Med II (6 decks)

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