GI

Question 1

Achalasia

Answer 1

Achalasia is a serious condition that affects your esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a muscular ring that closes off the esophagus from the stomach. If you have achalasia, your LES fails to open up during swallowing, which it’s supposed to do. This leads to a backup of food within your esophagus.

Question 2

Dyspepsia

Answer 2

indigestion.

Question 3

Halitosis

Answer 3

bad breath

Question 4

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Answer 4

Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome observed in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatic encephalopathy is defined as a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver dysfunction, after exclusion of brain disease.

Question 5

Myotomy

Answer 5

Myotomy describes a surgical procedure in which muscle is cut. A common example of a myotomy is the Heller myotomy.

Question 6

Ranson criteria

Answer 6

The Ranson criteria form a clinical prediction rule for predicting the prognosis and mortality risk of acute pancreatitis.

Question 7

Steatorrhea

Answer 7

the excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces owing to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine.

Question 8

Ascites

Answer 8

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling.

Question 9

Dysphagia

Answer 9

Dysphagia is the medical term used to describe difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia includes difficulty starting a swallow (called oropharyngeal dysphagia) and the sensation of food being stuck in the neck or chest (called esophageal dysphagia).

Question 10

Hematemesis

Answer 10

the vomiting of blood.

Question 11

Hypochlorhydria

Answer 11

Achlorhydria /eɪklɔːrˈhaɪdriə/ or hypochlorhydria refers to states where the production of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions of the stomach and other digestive organs is absent or low, respectively. It is associated with various other medical problems.

Question 12

Odynophagia

Answer 12

“Odynophagia” is the medical term for painful swallowing. Pain can be felt in your mouth, throat, or esophagus. You may experience painful swallowing when drinking or eating food. Sometimes swallowing difficulties, known as dysphagia, can accompany the pain, but odynophagia is often a condition of its own

Question 13

Schatzki Ring

Answer 13

A Schatzki ring or Schatzki–Gary ring is a narrowing of the lower esophagus that can cause difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The narrowing is caused by a ring of mucosal tissue (which lines the esophagus) or muscular tissue.

Question 14

Diverticulum

Answer 14

an abnormal sac or pouch formed at a weak point in the wall of the alimentary tract.

Question 15

Globus

Answer 15

Globus hystericus, sometimes just called globus, is the sensation of having a lump in the throat.

Question 16

Hematochezia

Answer 16

Hematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena).

Question 17

Melena

Answer 17

the passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposing blood that is usually an indication of bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract and especially the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum — compare hematochezia.

Question 18

Pyrosis

Answer 18

another term for heartburn

Question 19

Sialorrhea

Answer 19

Hypersalivation (also called ptyalism or sialorrhea) is excessive production of saliva. It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva.

Question 20

manometry

Answer 20

The measurement of pressure using a device called a manometer. Esophageal manometry is done to measure muscle pressure and movements in the esophagus in the evaluation of achalasia.

Question 21

guaiac

Answer 21

fetal occult blood

brown resin obtained from guaiacum trees, used as a flavoring and in varnishes. It was formerly used medicinally and as a test for traces of blood.

Question 22

chlostridium difficile

Answer 22

A bacterium that is one of the most common causes of infection of the colon in the US. Patients taking antibiotics are at risk of becoming infected with C. difficile as antibiotics can disrupt the normal bacteria of the bowel, allowing C. difficile to become established in the colon.

Question 23

traveler’s diarrhea

Answer 23

Traveler’s diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and abdominal cramps. It’s caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Fortunately, traveler’s diarrhea usually isn’t serious — it’s just unpleasant.

Question 24

zollinger-ellison syndrome

Answer 24

a condition in which a gastrin-secreting tumor or hyperplasia of the islet cells in the pancreas causes overproduction of gastric acid, resulting in recurrent peptic ulcers.

Question 25

enteric (typhoid fever)

Answer 25

Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms. ... Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever along with paratyphoid fever. The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, growing in the intestines and blood.

Question 26

dysentery

Answer 26

an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains. Other symptoms may include fever and a feeling of incomplete defecation. The disease is caused by several types of infectious pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.

Question 27

shigellosis

Answer 27

Shigella infection (shigellosis) is an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella. The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which often is bloody. Shigella can be passed through direct contact with the bacteria in the stool

Question 28

vibrio cholera

Answer 28

One of the Vibrio bacteria, V. cholerae (as the name implies) is the agent of cholera, a devastating and sometimes lethal disease with profuse watery diarrhea. Like other Vibrio, V. cholerae moves about actively. The word "vibrio" in Latin means "to quiver."

Question 29

barrett's esophagus

Answer 29

In Barrett's esophagus, tissue in the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus) is replaced by tissue similar to the intestinal lining.