Endochrinology

Question 1

Primary drug used in treatment of thyrotoxicosis?

Answer 1

Carbidamole

Question 2

Treatment of thyrotoxic crisis?

Answer 2

IV Fluids, propanolol (5mg) hydrortisone as well as oral iodine solution and carbimazole

Question 3

Operation to the thyroid gland increases your risk of of what nerve palsy ?

Answer 3

recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

Question 4

In a patient with Inflammation, hypertrophy, and swelling of: extracellular muscles, retro-orbital connective and adipose tissue of the eye. what would you expect to see in a thyroid function tests.

Answer 4

Graves’ ophthalmology. Raised T3 and T4 but low TSH.

Question 5

Weight gain, purple stretch marks, Thinning fragile skin, slow cut healing, achne are all seen in what endochronological disease/syndrome

Answer 5

Cushings - Hypercortisolism

Question 6

Irregular or absent periods, thicker or visible body hair, decreased libido and erectile dysfunction are all seen in what endochronological disease/syndrome

Answer 6

Cushings - Hypercortisolism

Question 7

tiredness, weightless, depression, aches in joints, nausea and vomiting, syncope, irritability, pubic hair loss or delayed puberty are all seen in what endochronological disease/syndrome

Answer 7

Addison’s syndrome - adrenal failure/

Question 8

what is the role of aldosterone

Answer 8

Controls levels of water and salt in the bloodstream

Question 9

What condition usually presents before 40 with symptoms of Anxiety, fine tremor, goitre, Heat sensitivity, Weightloss, sleep disturbance and heart palpitations.

Answer 9

Graves or hyperthyroidism

Question 10

What effect does Conn’s syndrome have on sodium and potassium balance?

Answer 10

Hypokalaemia, hypernautremia

Question 11

Is Low t4 and t3 with high TSH is seen in hashimotos or graves?

Answer 11

hashimotos

Question 12

What action does the drug class biguanides have?

Answer 12

decrease hepatic gluconeogenisis

Question 13

What 2 classes of diabetes medication Increase pancreatic secretions ?

Answer 13

sulfonyluereas and menglitinides

Question 14

What action does the drug class AGI’s have?

Answer 14

prevents breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

Question 15

What action does the drug class DPP4 inhibitors have?

Answer 15

Increase secretion via the incretin pathway

Question 16

What action does the drug class SGLT2 inhibitors have?

Answer 16

Increase renal secretion of glucose

Question 17

dioglitazone and rosiglitazone are examples of what medication

Answer 17

TZDs

Question 18

What action does the drug class TZD’s have?

Answer 18

improves insulin sensitivity to peripheral tissues

Question 19

what are the 4 most common causes of Hyperglycaemia ?

Answer 19

Infections 30-40%, New onset diabetes 20-25%, inadequate treatment or compliance with medication 15-20%, MI

Question 20

Is DKA or HHS more common in type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

HHS

Question 21

a PC of: Dizzness, confusion, tiredness, difficulty speaking, headache, coma and seizures are common of what condition

Answer 21

Hypoglycaemia

Question 22

a PC of: palpitations, tremor, anxiety sweating, hunger and parenthesis are common of what condition

Answer 22

hypoglycaemia

Question 23

what hormone induces apoptosis of T cells and suppression of B cell production

Answer 23

cortisol

Question 24

What hormone enhances glucagon and adrenalin leading to increased blood glucose and decreased insulin production.

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

PC of: excessive thirst, visual disturbances, weakness and tingling, polyuria and headache. with high BP and hypocalcaemia is common in what condition

Answer 25

Conn's

Question 26

name a causes of secondary aldosteronism and why

Answer 26

Excess stimulation of RAAS system. Hypovolaemia and renal artery stenosis. L sided heart failure leading to decreased cardiac output.

Question 27

name all 11 causes of hypercalcaemia (CHIMPANZEES)

Answer 27

Calcium supplement, Hyperparathyroidism, Iatrogenic (thalozides), Milk-alkali syndrome, Pagets disease, Acromegaly and Addisons, Neoplasia, ZES, Excessive vitamin D and C, Sarcoidosis.

Question 28

excessive production of what hormone can cause hypercalcaemia and low serum phosphate.

Answer 28

Parathyroid hormone

Question 29

What 2 effects does parathyroidhormone have one oesteoclasts.

Answer 29

Increase reabsorption of bone and increased differentiation of oesteoblasts to osteoclasts.

Question 30

what primary endochronological disease can cause kidney stones.

Answer 30

hyperparathyroidism

Question 31

name 2 causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 31

Vitamin D deficiency and kidney failure

Question 32

Name a genetic condition that can causes hypoparathyroidism

Answer 32

Digeorge syndrome

Question 33

a patient with low intelligence, round face, short neck and bones of the hands and feet, blurred vision could have what endochronological disease

Answer 33

pseudohypoparathyroidism

Question 34

No response to both high and low dose dexamethasone test s what cause of cushings

Answer 34

pituitary adenoma

Question 35

Cushing causes what Acid-base and electrolyte disturbance

Answer 35

hypokalaemia metabolic acidosis