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Endocrine 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the conversion of glucose to fat

A

lipogenesis

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2
Q

what stops the excess glucose made by the liver?

A

insulin

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3
Q

the process of glucagon stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose-1 phosphate and glucose, and putting it into the blood stream

A

glycogenolysis

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4
Q

which 2 organs can release glucose?

A

liver
kidney

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5
Q

the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources

A

gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

where does a majority of gluconeogenesis occur?

A

liver

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7
Q

what is glucose 6 phosphate called in skeletal muscle?

A

hexokinase

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8
Q

what is glucose 6 phosphate called in the liver?

A

glucokinase

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9
Q

what is needed in order for glucose 6 phosphate to release glucose?

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

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10
Q

where is glucose 6 phosphatase mostly found?

A

liver
some in kidney

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10
Q

which hormones regulate glycogen metabolism? (3)

A

insulin
glucagon
epinephrine

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11
Q

describe diabetes mellitus type 1

A

b-cells (islet) are destroyed and don’t make enough insulin

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12
Q

describe diabetes mellitus type 2

A

resistant to insulin

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13
Q

what kind of onset does DM1 have?

A

rapid

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14
Q

what kind of onset does DM2 have?

A

gradual

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15
Q

what is the most common risk factor for DM2?

A

obesity

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16
Q

how do gestational diabetes occur?

A

placental hormones block insulin in the mother

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17
Q

when is gestational diabetes recognized?

A

late pregnancy

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18
Q

a large baby due to gestational diabetes

A

macrosomia

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18
Q

what are the 3 common symptoms of diabetes?

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

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19
Q

low insulin levels so glucose cannot be put into cells for energy; leads to glycolysis, forming ketones and makes the blood more acidic

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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20
Q

what are 4 results that indicate DKA?

A

hyperglycemia
glucosuria
ketonemia
ketonuria

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21
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperglycemia?

A

diabetes

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22
Q

impaired breakdown of stored glycogen due to a missing enzyme

A

glycogen storage disease

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23
what does glycogen storage disease lead to? (2)
buildup of glycogen in the liver increased insulin in the blood
24
where does glycogen storage disease primarily occur?
liver
25
what is the gold standard to diagnose diabetes?
HbA1c
26
how often should non-pregnant individuals be screened for diabetes?
every 3 years
27
what is the best diagnosis test for diabetes, especially when screening for GDM?
oral glucose tolerance test
28
a test that monitors pancreatic function and tissue response to insulin
oral glucose tolerance test
29
when is the best time to do a glucose tolerance test?
morning
30
what is a normal glucose tolerance test level?
less than 140 mg/dL
31
how would a patient present if they have DKA?
hyperglycemia dehydration acidosis
32
DKA is mostly associated with which type of DM?
DM1
33
how is a glucose tolerance test taken? (4)
fasting for 8-12 hrs patient drinks dextrose draw at 1 hour mark draw at 3 hour mark
34
to diagnose GDM, what must be the fasting glucose?
over 95 mg/dL
35
to diagnose GDM, what must be glucose in a glucose tolerance test after 1hr?
over 180 mg/dL
36
to diagnose GDM, what must be glucose in a glucose tolerance test after 2hr?
over 155 mg/dL
37
to diagnose GDM, what must be glucose in a glucose tolerance test after 3hr?
over 140 mg/dL
38
what are we looking for in a glucose tolerance test at the 3 hour mark?
glucose that has gone back to baseline
39
the measure of glycated proteins (glucose stuck to hemoglobin) in the RBCs
hemoglobin A1c
40
what does the level of HbA1c tell us?
the amount of glucose over 3 months
41
what is a normal HgA1c?
5.6 or below
42
what level of HbA1c indicates prediabetes?
5.7-6.4
43
what level of HbA1c indicates diabetes?
6.5 and above
44
how often to check a patient's HbA1c if they are meeting treatment goals and have stable glycemic control?
2x a year
45
how often to check a patient's HbA1c if they are not well controlled or meeting goals?
4x a year
46
formed by proinsulin and is secreted in the circulation; calculates the level of insulin being produced by the pancreas
C-peptide
47
what does C-peptide help us distinguish?
between DM1 and DM2
48
where does C-peptide come from?
kidney
49
what 5 conditions can be indicated when C-peptide levels are high?
DM2 cushing's syndrome insulinoma kidney disease low blood potassium
50
what 4 conditions can be indicated when C-peptide levels are low?
DM1 liver disease addison's disease ineffective diabetes treatment
51
measures circulating glycosylated proteins and reflects glucose control over 2-3 weeks
fructosamine
52
what can cause a false low level of fructosamine in a patient?
if patient has low serum protein levels
53
what is the reference range for fructosamine?
170-285 umol/L
54
what proteins does fructosamine measure?
albumin globulins lipoproteins
55
most commonly used protein antigen found in neuroendocrine cells, and is detected in most of newly diagnosed DM1 patients
GADA
56
protein antigen found in islet b cells and neuroendocrine cells that is detected in most of DM1 children; levels fall soon after diagnosis
IA-2A
57
found in islet B cells and is detected in 70% of children with DM1; not commonly detected in adults
IAA
58
detected in most children with DM1; levels fall rapidly after diagnosis
ZnT8
59
produced by the liver from the breakdown of lipids and extrahepatic tissues (heart and skeletal muscles) use this as a fuel source during prolonged starvation
ketone bodies
60
where is B-ketoacyl CoA transferase NOT present?
liver
61
ketone antibodies are most often associated with which type of DM?
DM1
62
what is used to test for ketone bodies?
sodium nitroprusside - reacts with acetoacetic acid
63
what does a positive ketone body test look like?
purple
64
what does chemically induced defects in sugar reabsorption in the PCT cause?
glycosuria
65
what does excretion of HMWP indicate?
glomerular damage
66
evaluates individuals at risk for ESRD; detects low albumin levels that are undetectable by routine reagent strips
microalbuminuria
67
what is the specimen of choice to measure microalbumin?
urine
68
specimen that allows for direct measure, is convenient for DM patients, and optimal for infants because small amounts are needed
whole blood (capillary blood)
69
which tube inhibits glucose metabolism by cells?
gray top
70
what does the gray top tube contain?
sodium flouride
71
specimen used for rapid analysis to prevent reduced levels secondary to bacterial metabolism if contaminated
CSF

Lab Med (19 decks)

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