Urinalysis & Body Fluids Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
what is the average daily output of urine for a health individual?
A
800-2000 mL
2
Q
increased urine output common seen in DM and Insipidus
A
polyuria
3
Q
decreased daily urine output seen in kidney disease and end-stage liver failure
A
oliguria
4
Q
complete cessation in urine flow
A
anuria
5
Q
frequent urination at night
A
nocturia
6
Q
when is a urine test performed after the specimen has been collected?
A
room temp, within 2 hours
7
Q
what does a large amount of yellow foam in urine indicate?
A
bilirubin
8
Q
what does dark urine indicate? (2)
A
concentrated urine
dehydration
9
Q
what does amber urine indicate? (2)
A
concentrated urine
bilirubin
10
Q
what does bright red urine indicate?
A
hemoglobin
RBCs
11
Q
what does dark red urine indicate? (2)
A
myoglobin
beets
12
Q
what does red-purple urine indicate?
A
porphyrins
13
Q
what does dark brown/black urine indicate?
A
melanin
alkaptonuria
14
Q
what does green and blue urine indicate? (2)
A
pseudomonas
medications
15
Q
what does orange urine indicate?
A
phenazopyridine (UTI medication)
16
Q
what is the normal pH for health fresh voided urine?
A
5-6
17
Q
what does alkaline urine indicate? (3)
A
UTI
renal disease
vegetarian
18
Q
what does acidic urine indicate? (4)
A
starvation
diarrhea
diabetes mellitus
respiratory disease
19
Q
what is measured to determine the state of the kidneys or state of hydration?
A
specific gravity
20
Q
how relationship does specific gravity have with urine output?
A
inversely proportional
21
Q
what measurement tells us the amount of dissolved substances in a solution?
A
specific gravity
22
Q
measure of solute concentration by testing freezing point depression of a solution
A
osmolality
23
Q
what does increased osmolality indicate? (3)
A
DM
dehydration
addison’s disease
24
Q
what does decreased osmolality indicate? (3)
A
DI
hydration
pyelonephritis
25
measured to determine kidney/tubule function and reabsorption
protein
26
what is a protein measurement sensitive and specific to?
albumin
27
testing for conditions of the urinary tract and renal function
blood
28
what could a positive result of blood in the urine indicate? (3)
glomerular damage
interstitial nephritis
kidney/bladder infections/disease
29
what does hemoglobinuria indicate?
intravascular hemolysis
30
transfusion reaction when RBCs lyse and are released into the urine
intravascular hemolysis
31
what does myoglobinuria in urine indicate?
rhabdomyolysis
32
use to detect the presence of nitrite-reducing bacteria
nitrite
33
what is the preferred urine collection to test nitrite?
clean catch, first void
34
how are positive results of nitrite confirmed? (2)
urine microscopy
urine culture
35
use to detect WBCs, specifically neutrophils, being excreted in the urine
leukocyte esterase
36
what does a positive result of leukocyte esterase indicate?
pyuria - infection or inflammation anywhere in the GU system
37
how is a positive leukocyte esterase confirmed?
urine microscopy
urine culture
38
what does a positive nitrite and positive leukocyte esterase indicate?
bacterial infection
39
what could a negative nitrite and positive leukocyte esterase indicate? (4)
STI
trichomonas
yeast
virus
40
what does glucosuria without hyperglycemia indicate?
pregnancy
fanconi's sydrome
41
what does glucosuria with hyperglycemia indicate? (4)
DM
hyperthyroidism
strokes
tumors
42
what is increased due to DM, starvation, diet, high protein diet, alcoholism, strenuous exercise, pregnancy, or fanconi's syndrome?
ketones
43
what urine test is an indication of liver function
bilirubin
44
what type of bilirubin can be excreted in the urine?
conjugated
45
what urine test could pick up ANY type of liver disease?
urobilinogen
46
in which 2 conditions is urobilinogen increased?
hepatitis
cirrhosis
47
in which condition is urobilinogen decreased?
post-hepatic obstructions
48
an analysis of the sediment in the urine
microscopic analysis
49
urine under the microscope shows retractile green biconcave disks. what are they?
RBCs
50
what do RBCs have to look like to indicate bleeding in the urinary tract?
spikey
51
urine under the microscope shows granular cells containing nuclei. what are they?
WBCs
52
what does eosinophils in the urine indicate?
interstitial nephritis
53
what do squamous epithelial cells in the urine indicate?
contamination
54
what do clue cells in the urine indicate?
bacterial vaginosis caused by gardnerella vaginalis
55
what do transitional epithelial cells in the urine indicate?
damage to the urinary tract
56
what do renal tubular epithelial cells in the urine indicate? (2)
renal disease
tubular damage
57
renal epi's containing lipid globules
oval fat bodies
58
what do oval fat bodies in the urine indicate?
nephrotic syndrome
59
urine under the microscope shows motile/non-motile green refractile small rods. what are they?
bacteria
60
what should we do next if a patient tests positive for bacteria in the urine?
urine culture
61
urine under the microscope shows green, refractile, small, ovoid snowmen. what are they?
budding yeast
62
urine under the microscope shows long branches with buds. what are they?
pseudohyphae
63
what does a positive result of yeast in urine indicate? (3)
vaginal contamination
fungal kidney infection
diabetes
64
what should we do next if a patient tests positive for yeast?
urine culture
65
urine under the microscope shows flagellated motile protozoa moving in a rapid jerky motion. what are they?
trichomonas vaginalis
66
urine under the microscope shows large eggs with terminal spine. what is it?
schistosoma haemtobium
67
what infects the urinary bladder and causes bladder cancer?
schistosoma haemtobium
68
urine under the microscope shows pinworm eggs. what are they?
enterobius vermicularis
69
what kind of infection does enterobius vermicularis cause?
perianal infection
70
urine under the microscope shows motile/non-motile oval bodies with a long tail, which may be confused with mucus. what are they?
sperm
71
what characteristic in urine can be explained by the presence of sperm?
cloudy urine
72
microscopic clusters of particles wrapped in tamm-horsfall protein matrix, formed in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
urinary casts
73
what do casts in the urine indicate?
upper urinary tract infections (kidney)
74
urine under the microscope shows transparent, colorless and cylindrical casts that present after strenuous exercise. what are they?
hyaline casts
75
urine under the microscope shows granulated hyaline casts that can indicate renal disease. what are they?
granular casts
76
what does RBC casts in urine indicate?
acute glomerulonephritis
77
what does WBC casts in the urine indicate?
pyelonephritis
78
what microscopic finding in urine can help us different between lower and upper UTI?
WBC cast
79
what kind of urinary infection presents with cast + bacterial infection?
upper urinary infection
80
what kind of urinary infection presents with NO casts + bacterial infection?
lower urinary infection
81
what does fatty casts in the urine indicate? (2)
nephrotic syndrome
high protein
82
urine under the microscope shows broad casts with blunt ends, fissures, and cracks. what is it?
waxy cast
83
what does waxy casts in the urine indicate? (2)
end stage renal disease
urine stasis
84
crystals are formed in response to what?
precipitated urine salts
85
acidic crystals that present as granular brick dust and can make the urine appear pink
amorphous urates
86
acidic crystals that present as octahedral or oval shapes
calcium oxalate
87
what does calcium oxalate in the urine indicate? (2)
ethylene glycol poisoning
UTI
88
acidic crystals that are yellow-brown and irregular shapes
uric acid
89
what does uric acid in the urine indicate?
gout
90
alkaline crystals that are white granular masses and indicate alkaline urine
amorphous phosphates
91
alkaline crystals that are colorless prisms "coffin lids" and indicate a UTI
triple phosphate
92
alkaline crystals that are yellow-brown spicules "thorny apples"
ammonium biurate
93
abnormal crystal that is a colorless hexagonal plate, and indicates cystinuria, amino acid disorder, and is present with increased renal calculi formation
cysteine
94
abnormal crystal that is colorless, fat, rectangular plates with notches, and indicates nephrotic syndrome
cholesterol
95
abnormal crystal that is fine, colorless needles in clusters
tyrosine
96
abnormal crystals that are yellow spheres with radial striations
leucine
97
tyrosine and leucine are typically seen together. what do they indicate?
severe liver disease
98
abnormal crystals that are yellow-brown clumped needles or granules
bilirubin
99
what does bilirubin in urine indicate?
liver disease
100
what is collected during a sterile procedure and is sent to the lab asap?
body fluids
101
what do lymphocytes in body fluids indicate?
viral infection
102
what is collected via lumbar puncture and is collected in a 4 tube system?
cerebral spinal fluid
103
what does bright red CSF indicate?
subarachnoid hemorrhage
104
CSF appears turbid, has elevated opening pressure, WBCs >1000, protein >200, and glucose <40. what does this patient have?
bacterial meningitis
105
CSF appears clear, has normal opening pressure, WBC <300 with lymphocytes, protein <200, and normal glucose. what does this patient have?
viral meningitis
106
CSF appears clear, has normal-elevated opening pressure, WBCs <500, protein >200, and normal-low glucose. what does this patient have?
fungal meningitis
107
collection of viscous fluid from joint cavities
synovial fluid
108
collection of synovial fluid is a differential diagnosis for what?
arthritic pain
109
what do synovial fluid crystals called monosodium urate, that look like fine needles, indicate?
gout
110
what do synovial fluid crystals called CPPD, that are bulky, indicate?
pseudogout
111
how is vaginal fluid sampled?
wet prep via endocervical swab and gram stain
112
vaginal fluid that has potassium hydroxide added to the wet mount to isolate yeast/fungal elements
KOH prep
113
a regular wet mound of vaginal fluid tests for what? (4)
trichomonas
yeast
WBCs
clue cells
114
which sample should be collected and kept warm until testing can be performed?
seminal fluid
115
why are seminal fluid levels checked? (3)
fertility
vasectomy success
forensic
116
performed to diagnose genetic and developmental conditions
amniotic fluid
117
what kind of stain is used for amniotic fluid to identify fetal hemorrhage?
kleihauer-betke stain
118
what kind of test is used for amniotic fluid to identify open neural tube defects?
alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
119
what kind of test is used for amniotic fluid to identify maturation of the fetal lung?
lecithin sphingomyelin (L/S ratio)
120
what kind of test of amniotic fluid is used to detect premature rupture of the fetal membrane?
fern test
121
what type of body fluid is used for a fern test?
vaginal secretions
