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Hematology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

science of blood and the blood forming tissues

A

hematology

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2
Q

condition with diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A

anemia

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3
Q

failure to produce or release mature forms of cells into the peripheral blood or cells destroyed in marrow

A

ineffective hematopoiesis

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4
Q

formation of blood cells in sites other than bone marrow; primarily liver and spleen

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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5
Q

destruction of red blood cells

A

hemolysis

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6
Q

thin film of EDTA anticoagulated blood on a glass slide; stained and examined microscopically

A

peripheral blood smear

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7
Q

an increase in the immature forms of cells in the peripheral blood

A

shift to the left

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8
Q

blood cell production that starts before birth and continues throughout life

A

hematopoiesis

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9
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in an embryo?

A

yolk sac

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10
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in a fetus? (4)

A

thymus
spleen
liver
bone marrow

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11
Q

where does hematopoiesis primarily occur after birth?

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

in hematopoiesis, what are the 3 protein stimulators?

A

erythropoietin
thrombopoietin
interleukins

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13
Q

in hematopoiesis, what are the 2 protein inhibitors?

A

interferons
lymphotoxins

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14
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

kidneys

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15
Q

what are the 3 granulocytes of WBCs? (BEN)

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

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16
Q

how is a differential done?

A

manual peripheral blood smear

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17
Q

which 2 tubes can be used for a bone marrow biopsy?

A

EDTA
sodium-heparin

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18
Q

measures the amount of protein that transports oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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19
Q

measures packed RBCs

A

hematocrit

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20
Q

parameters that reveal size and amount of Hgb in individual RBCs

A

RBC indices

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21
Q

average size of RBCs

A

MCV

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22
Q

average amount of Hgb in RBCs

A

MCH

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23
Q

average concentration of Hgb in RBCs

A

MCHC

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24
Q

variability in RBCs volumes (shape of RBC)

A

RDW

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25
mean platelet volume
PLT
26
% of each individual type of WBC present
differential
27
why do males have more RBCs than females?
they have androgens that stimulate hematopoiesis
28
how to calculate MCV?
Hct/RBC
29
how to calculate MCHC?
Hgb/Hct
30
what does an increase in RDW mean?
increased variation in volume/size
31
what would inclusions in a blood smear indicate?
infection
32
what would granulation in a blood smear indicate?
toxicity
33
poikilocytosis
abnormal shape
34
anisocytosis
variation in size
35
immature RBC with residual RNA; newly released from bone marrow
reticulocyte
36
protein in blood that carries free hemoglobin to liver for metabolism & excretion
haptoglobin
37
breakdown product of heme catabolism
bilirubin
38
why is there an increased level of reticulocytes in anemia?
not being transformed into mature RBCs (erythrocytes)
39
information about bone marrow output of RBCs
reticulocyte count
40
information about rate of destruction of RBCs
bilirubin
41
lab that gives information about cause of microcytic anemias
iron studies
42
what 2 labs give information about the cause of macrocytic anemia
folic acid B12
43
what time frame does retic indices reflect changes?
in the last 18-24 hrs
44
retic Hb content in real time; measures the functional availability of iron during Hb synthesis
CHr
45
what does a decreased level of CHr indicate?
early marker of iron-restricted erythropoiesis
46
what lab value is the strongest predictor of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children < 2 yo?
CHr
47
why do we use CHr in regards to kidney disease?
assess iron status of patients with CKD on hemodialysis who are receiving EPO and IV iron
48
what are 2 examples of microcytic and hypochromic anemia?
iron deficiency thalassemia
49
what are 2 examples of normocytic and normochromic anemia?
aplastic sickle cell
50
what are 4 examples of macrocytic and normochromic anemia?
Pernicious anemia Megaloblastic anemia Hemolytic anemia Liver disease
51
what is the most common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
iron deficiency
52
decreased hemoglobin production due to insufficient iron
iron deficiency
53
inherited microcytic hypochromic anemia, due to decreased hemoglobin production
thalassemia
54
lab that indicates the total volume of iron the body stores
serum ferritin
55
transfers iron through the blood to various tissues
transferrin
56
protein capacity to carry iron
TIBC
57
excess iron that can no longer be stored as ferritin
hemosiderin
58
where is transferrin produced?
liver
59
what happens if iron is low in the body?
body makes more transferrin to bind iron and increase cellular uptake
60
what is serum ferritin in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
low
61
what is TIBC in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
normal-high
62
what is serum iron level in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
low
63
what is % saturation in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
low
64
how to treat microcytic hypochromic anemia?
iron + stool softener
65
after treating microcytic hypochromic anemia with iron, what should we do if the patient is still anemic and microcytic?
do hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine presence of thalassemia
66
who is thalassemia common in?
african americans SE asians
67
what is the most common normocytic normochromic anemia?
Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
68
what is Anemia of Chronic Disease also known as?
Anemia of Inflammation (AI)
69
what is serum iron in normocytic normochromic anemias?
low
70
what is serum ferritin in normocytic normochromic anemias?
increased
71
what is TIBC in normocytic normochromic anemias?
normal-low
72
what can normocytic normochromic lead to in long standing cases?
microcytic hypochromic
73
a result of mutation in beta gene resulting in a mutant hemoglobin, Hb S, forming rigid aggregates
sickle cell anemia
74
how can sickle cell anemia be diagnosed? (2)
solubility test Hb electrophoresis
75
hypo proliferative anemia that leads to pancytopenia
aplastic anemia
76
to diagnose aplastic anemia, bone marrow must be at <25% + low: (2)
granuloctye count plt count
77
what is the follow up test for macrocytic anemia?
blood smear
78
reticulocytosis associated with hemolysis due to a hemorrhagic event
macrocytic anemia
79
what is MCV in macrocytic anemia?
elevated
80
in alcoholism, if MCV > 110, what should we look for?
megaloblastosis due to folate deficiency
81
what cause of macrocytic anemia has an effect on RBC membrane, present target cells, and can also be hemolytic?
liver disease
82
what anemia indicates vitamin B12 or folate deficiency?
megaloblastic anemia
83
the presence of what is highly sensitive and specific for megaloblastic anemia?
hyper-segmented neutrophils
84
in megaloblastic anemia, what value increases with feeding?
serum folate

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