Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine (Y4) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What HbA1C level is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus?

A

48mmol/L or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the immediate treatment for thyrotoxic storm?

A

Beta-blockers, PTU and Hydrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the investigation of choice for suspected Cushing’s?

A

Overnight dex suppression test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are sex hormones produced?

A

Zona reticularis of adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Zona fasciculata of adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which adrenal condition may lead to Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adrenocortical tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Primary adrenocortical failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give causes of Addison’s disease.

A

90% due to autoimmune destruction

Others: Infection, adrenal haemorrhage/infarct, metastatic invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the features of Addison’s disease?

A

Cortisol deficiency: Fatigue, weight loss, orthostatic dizziness and anorexia
ACTH over-secretion: Skin hyperpigmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give causes of Addisonian Crisis.

A

Can occur in increased cortisol req. Eg. infection, surgery
Adrenal haemorrhage
Inadequate cortisol dosing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which biochemical abnormalities may be found in Addisonian Crisis?

A

hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, raised urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the maintenance therapy for Addison’s disease?

A

Hydrocortisone & Fludrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Conn Syndrome?

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism - excess aldosterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common cause of Conn’s syndrome?

A

unilateral adrenocortical adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the key feature of Conn Syndrome?

A

Resistant hypertension +/- hypokalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the investigation of choice in Conn Syndrome?

A

paired renin and aldosterone serum levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for pheochromocytoma?

A

alpha blocker then beta-blocker, then surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common form of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How may CAH present?

A

failure to thrive or ambiguous genitalia in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can serum osmolality be estimated?

A

2 * Na+ + glucose + urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do gliptins work?

A

Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) reduce the peripheral breakdown of incretins such as GLP-1

23
Q

What should diabetics patients who are on insulin do if they are unwell?

A

Continue with normal insulin regimen but check blood sugars more frequently

24
Q

What is the first-line agent for Grave’s disease?

A

Carbimazole

25
Q

What glucose level is diagnostic of diabetes?

A

fasting > 7.0, random > 11.1 - if asymptomatic need two readings

26
Q

High glucose and normal C-peptide would suggest…

A

T2DM

27
Q

Glicazide is an example of which class of medication?

A

Sulphonylurea

28
Q

Sitagliptin is an example of which medication class?

A

DDP-4 inhibitor

29
Q

Dapagliflozin is an example of which drug class?

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

30
Q

Which diabetic medications can cause weight loss?

A

GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors

31
Q

Which diabetic medications are associated with hypoglycaemia?

A

Insulin, SUs, TZDs

32
Q

What is the investigation of choice for phaeochromocytoma?

A

24 hour urine collection of metanephrines

33
Q

painful thyroid swelling, usually triggered by a viral infection suggests…

A

De Quervain’s thyroiditis

34
Q

Which auto-antibodies are associated with Grave’s disease?C

A

Anti-TSH and anti-TPO

35
Q

What is the first-line agent for Grave’s disease?

A

Carbimazole

36
Q

How is Grave’s disease treated in pregancy?

A

1st trimester = PTU

2nd and 3rd = Carbimazole

37
Q

Reduced uptake on thyroid uptake scan suggests…

A

Thyroiditis

38
Q

Which complication can occur with Carbimazole?

A

Agranulocytosis

39
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with which auto-antibodies?

A

anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin

40
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary

41
Q

Thyroid mass and raised calcitonin suggests…

A

Medullary thyroid cancer

42
Q

What is the rarest and most aggressive form of thyroid cancer?

A

Anaplastic

43
Q

What is the treatment for myxoedema coma?

A

IV Thyroxine & Hydrocortisone

44
Q

What is the first-line treatment for prolactinoma?

A

Dopamine agonist such as Cabergoline/Bromocriptine

45
Q

In DKA, should patients continue their normal insulin?

A

Continue long-acting but stop short-actin

46
Q

How many readings are needed to diagnose diabetes?

A

2 if asymptomatic, 1 if symptomatic

47
Q

What is the treatment for HHS?

A

Saline solution

48
Q

Which HbA1C level indicates that another anti-diabetic agent should be considered?

A

> 58 mmol/L

49
Q

What is the diagnostic test for Addison’s disease?

A

Short synacthen test

50
Q

Which medication should always be initiated in diabetic patients with CVD?

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

51
Q

Which anti-diabetic medications promote weight loss?

A

SGLT2 inhibitor and DDP4-inhibitors

52
Q

Which anti-diabetic agents promote weight gain?

A

Insulin, SUs, TZDs, glinides

53
Q

Which anti-diabetic agents are associated with hypoglycaemia?

A

Insulin, SUs, TZDs, glinides

Medicine (Y4) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions