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AP 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secretes their products into ducts
On skin, digestive system

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secretes their products directly into bloodstream

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Found in brain
Helps control: Heartbeat
Body temp
Water balance
Glandular secretions

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Found in brain
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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5
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Regulates water balance by reabsorbing water into the bloodstream
(You pee less)

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Causes uterine contraction during childbirth and allows milk to be released during nursing
Is a positive feedback loop

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7
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Found in brain
Hormones produced: - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropic hormones
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Growth hormone (GH)

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8
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
Stress response

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10
Q

Gonadotropic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates gonads to produce sex cells and hormones

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11
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates mammary glands and develop and produce milk only after childbirth

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12
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Controls the amount of Melanin produced in the skin to determine skin color

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13
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Promotes skeletal and muscular growth
Needed for normal development/growth

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14
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Too little GH is produced during childhood; results in small stature

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15
Q

Gigantism

A

Too much GH is produced during childhood; results in poor health
Cardiovascular issues

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16
Q

Acromegaly

A

Overproduction of GH as an adult; results in larger than normal feet, hands, and face

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17
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Large gland below the larynx
Iodine needed in diet to allow thyroid to produce hormones
- Thyroid hormone (TH)
- Calcitonin

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH)

A

Regulates metabolism. Is a key regulater

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19
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland
Helps lower blood calcium levels by stimulating the deposition of calcium in the bones

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20
Q

Simple goiter

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A

Thyroid enlarges due to lack of iodine in diet.

21
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

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A

Thyroid does not develop properly and is characterized in a short, stocky person who may have mental retardation
People are born with this condition

22
Q

Myxedema

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A

Hypothyroidism which occurs in adults characterized by lethargy, weight gain, loss of hair, cold intolerance, and thick, puffy skin.
Can be treated

23
Q

Exophthalimic goiter

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A

Characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of the eyes, hyperactivity, and insomnia
Hyperthyroidism

24
Q

Thyroid tumor

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A

Can easily be removed with surgery

25
Parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) Helps control blood calcium levels by promoting osteoclast activity and reabsorption by the kidneys
26
Adrenal gland
Found on top of kidneys Adrenal cortex: outsider portion Adrenal medulla: inner portion
27
Adrenal medulla
Inner portion of the adrenal gland Hypothalamus initiates the making of the hormones. These make the "fight or flight" response Epinephrine - a stimulant Norepinephrine - a neurotransmitter
28
Adrenal cortex
Outer portion of the adrenal gland Produces hormones that are long term response to stress Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids
29
Glucocorticoids
Regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism Suppress the body's inflammatory response e.g. cortisol and cortisone
30
Mineralocorticoids
Regulate salt and water balance Targets the kidneys
31
Addison disease
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex Main symptom is bronzing of the skin
32
Cushing syndrome
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex Main symptom is weight gain in the trunk of the body but not the arms and legs
33
Pancreas
Found between the kidneys Brain of the digestive system Dual function organ Hormones: Insulin & Glucagon
34
Acinar cells
Exocrine secretion From pancreas Produce and secrete digestive juices
35
Insulin
Made from islets of Langerhans found in pancreas Endocrine secretion Secreted by beta cells when blood glucose is high which makes it so that cells can take in the sugar
36
Glucagon
Made from islets of Langerhans found in Pancreas Endocrine secretion Secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose is low This happens by getting the liver to breakdown glycogen
37
Type 1 Diabetes
Early onset, found most of the time in children Tends to run in families Pancreatic cells are attacked and cannot produce insulin Needs insulin injections regularly
38
Type 2 Diabetes
Normally adult onset, is the most common type More common in obese & people unable to move around a lot Cells do not respond as well to insulin Usually diet and exercise are important for controlling and can prevent it
39
Gestational diabetes
Type 2 diabetes that can occur during pregnancy
40
Testes
Gonads found in males Produce androgens (aka testosterone)
41
Androgens
AKA testosterone - Stimulates growth of penis and testes - Responsible for male sex characteristics such as facial, underarm and pubic hair - Prompts the larynx and vocal cords to enlarge, resulting in a lower voice - Promotes muscular strength & growth (Basically male puberty)
42
Ovaries
Gonads found in females Produces Estrogen and Progesterone
43
Estrogen and Proesterone
- Stimulates growth of vagina and uterus - Responsible for secondary sex characteristics such as female body hair, fat distribution, and breast development - Responsible for egg maturation - Regulate the uterine cycle
44
Thymus
Found beneath the sternum This gland is largest and most active during childhood, shrinking in adulthood Secretes thymosins that help make white blood cells
45
Pineal gland
Found in brain Secretes melatonin that regulates the sleep/wake cycle aka Circadian rhythm
46
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Secreted by the kidneys to increase red blood cell production Going to high altitudes can naturally increase your RBC production
47
Leptin
Produced by fat cells (adipocytes), acts on the hypothalamus to give a feeling of being satiated (feeling full)
48
Prostaglandins
- Groups of potent chemicals that are not carried in the bloodstream, work locally on neighboring cells - Some cause smooth muscle contraction - They have many other roles in the body Aspirin and ibuprofen block their synthesis
49
Homeostasis
The body is balanced Nervous and endocrine systems are important in maintaining homeostasis - Hypothalamus bridges regulatory functions of both systems. Is a key player in keeping everything under control - The nervous system response to changes in the external environment

AP 2 (3 decks)

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