ENDOCRINE

Question 1

controls the nutrient and
energy production

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

small gland, lies in the optic
chiasm, connects to the hypothalamus

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Question 3

appears more reddish because it is
surrounded by a high vascular membrane

Answer 3

Thyroid gland

Question 4

composed of a simple ___
made up of lobes → isthmus – connects 2
lobes

Answer 4

Thyroid follicle

Question 5

Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

Answer 5

T3

Question 6

Hypothyroidism

Answer 6

TSH

Question 7

• Released in parapolicular cells in the
  thyroid
• Released when calcium in blood is
  high
• Used to lower down calcium level in
  order to maintain blood level

Answer 7

Calcitonin

Question 9

– very
essential in regulation of calcium /
ensure there is a reabsorption of
calcium into the bones / storehouse
of vitamin D /

Answer 9

Parathyroid gland

Question 10

superior portion of the kidneys

Answer 10

Adrenal gland

Question 11

inner part / storehouse of epinephrine (blood rate) and norepinephrine (blood flow) / 80% epinephrine, 20%
norepinephrine / fight and flight responses

Answer 11

Adrenal medulla

Question 12

outer part which is important when there is a foreign invasion

Answer 12

Adrenal cortex

Question 13

regulates ion in the bloods through
aldestorone

Answer 13

Mineralocorticoids

Question 14

a lover of water,
potassium x water

Answer 14

Sodium

Question 15

provide energy for the cell by stimulating lipids → cortisol

Answer 15

Glucocorticoids

Question 16

related to blood glucose level / WBC

Answer 16

Cortisol

Question 17

responsible for the male secondary sex

Answer 17

Androgens

Question 18

focuses on early pregnancy, ovulation, released during the proliferative phase

Answer 18

Estrogen

Question 19

enlargement of the endometrial cells, maintains pregnancy and nutrition of the uterus, secretory phase

Answer 19

Progesterone

Question 19

sex development of male, functions in maturation in permatocides

Answer 19

Testosterone

Question 20

posterior portion of the
thalamus, pine cone shaped

Answer 20

Pineal gland

Question 21

inhibits reproductive system, activates to stop luteinizing hormone in order to preserve uterus and ensure proper hormone exchange with the fetus, aids your sleep (sleep pill hormone)

Answer 21

Melatonin

Question 22

sleep precursor, px with depression, manic depression = low serotonin

Answer 22

Serotonin

Question 23

Hormones are set in motion. They are powerful molecules.

Answer 23

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Question 24

non-polar, fatty acid derivative hormone, needs protein to bind

Answer 24

Lipid soluble

Question 25

– polar, can directly dissolve in the blood and circulate freely, does not need protein to bind

Answer 25

Water soluble

Question 26

secreted in the cells in a local area, influences the same cell type it is secreted from (ex. ecosanoids), autoimmune, target is WBC

Answer 26

Autocrine

Question 27

– produced in a wide variety tissue secreted in the ECF, localized effect in the tissue (ex. histamine), allergy and parasitic invasion

Answer 27

Paracrine

Question 28

secreted by the neurons, secreted into a synaptic cleft, it is only limited to travel in a short distance (ex. acetylcholine, dopamine)

Answer 28

Neurotransmitters

Question 29

secreted by a specialized cell, travels to reach a tissue, coordination and regulation of the body’s functionality

Answer 29

Endocrine

Question 30

body fluids (ex. blood), molecules and ions in the bloodstream (ex. Insulin – released in the pancreas)

Answer 30

Humoral

Question 31

involves neural stimuli, neuropeptides – affects hypothalamus, epinephrine and norepinephrine → fight or flight response, anything that affects the brain and the hypothalamus

Answer 31

Neutral

Question 32

stimulates the hormones of other hormones, anterior pituitary gland, an example is luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 32

Hormonal

Question 33

– when the body sees that there is a high level of hormones, it would send signal to the brain opposite to the stimuli

Answer 33

Negative feedback

Question 34

– when the body diagnose decrease in the hormone, it would send signal to the brain in order to resuscitate that low level of hormone

Answer 34

Positive feedback

Question 35

posterior to hypothalamus

Answer 35

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 36

– increase blood glucose level, ATP, bones and muscles, target organ is tissues

Answer 36

Growth hormone

Question 37

follicle maturation, sperm production for male, target organ is ovary

Answer 37

Follicle stimulating hormones

Question 38

promotes ovulation, target is ovary

Answer 38

Luteinizing hormone

Question 39

adrenal gland

Answer 39

ACTH

Question 40

milk production, target is mammary gland

Answer 40

Prolactin

Question 41

skin pigmentation, suppressing/depressing when using whitening drugs, target is skin

Answer 41

MSH

Question 42

increases uterine contraction, helps mothers to contract (at the peak), target is uterus and mammary gland, release the breast milk

Answer 42

Oxytocin

Question 43

– diuresis → water absorption/reabsorption, constriction of blood vessels, target is kidney, used when there is water retention

Answer 43

ADH

Question 44

decreases the calcium in the blood, has an effect in the increase of calcium in the bone

Answer 44

Calcitonin

Question 45

– brings the calcium going to the bones, important in osteoclast formation, maintenance of calcium bc of the presence of vitamin D

Answer 45

PH

Question 46

sleep and inhibit the reproduction, target is hypothalamus

Answer 46

Melatonin

Question 47

dilutional hyponatremia → bc of overaccumulation of fluid/sodium, the only case that the priority of the px is decreasing sodium

Answer 47

Siadh

Question 48

the px is experience a decreased ADH

Answer 48

Diabetic Insipidus

Question 49

going up, high,

Answer 49

Cushings

Question 50

going down, low vital signs

Answer 50

Addisons

Question 51

High T3, T4

Answer 51

low TSH

Question 52

Normal T3

Answer 52

1.2 to 3.4

Question 53

Normal T4

Answer 53

64 to 105

Question 54

Normal TSH

Answer 54

4 to 5.2

Question 55

polyurinating, heat intolerance

Answer 55

Hyperthyroidism

Question 56

cold intolerance,

Answer 56

Hypothyroidism

Question 57

cannot be prevented, more on genetics, insulin, DKA

Answer 57

Type I

Question 58

secondary to your lifestyle, obesity, high glucose cannot be compensated with insulin (last resort), medication = OHA

Answer 58

Type II

Question 59

Normal glucose level

Answer 59

80 to 100

Question 60

110

Answer 60

prediabetic

Question 61

120

Answer 61

diabetic

Question 62

blood pH is acidic, requires isotonic solutions and IV insulin

Answer 62

DKA

Question 63

blood pH is normal, insulin

Answer 63

HHS