Endocrine

Question 1

Types of hormones

Answer 1

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide
Lipid derivatives

Question 2

hypothalamus function

Answer 2

Integrates neural and endocrine
secretes to posterior and anterior pituitary
Has autonomic enters to control adrenal medulla

Question 3

infundibulum

Answer 3

attachment between hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 4

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 4

hypothalamus secretes into this to control anterior pituitary
-breaks of the primary plexus of capillaries in the infundibulum

Question 5

anterior lobe regions

Answer 5

Pars distalis (most hormones)
pars intermedia (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
pars tuberalis (wraps around infundibulum

Question 6

thyrotropes

Answer 6

TSH

Question 7

Corticotropes

Answer 7

ACTH
MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Question 8

Gonadotropes

Answer 8

FSH, LH

Question 9

Lactotropes

Answer 9

Prolactin

Question 10

Somatotropes

Answer 10

GH (somatotropin)

Question 11

MSH secretion

Answer 11

from pars intermedia in anterior pituitary

Question 12

TSH action

Answer 12

Causes thyroid hormone release
-calcitonin
-T3 and T4

Question 13

ACTH action

Answer 13

targets adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

Question 14

FSH action

Answer 14

targets Sertoli cells to produce sperm. or ovaries to produce estrogen and inhibin

Question 15

LH action

Answer 15

Targets leydig cells to produce androgens (testosterone)
targets ovaries to ovulate and produce progesterone

Question 16

GH action

Answer 16

All cells increase protein synthesis, catabolism
also targets liver to release somatomedins (further of same effects

Question 17

MSH action

Answer 17

targets melanocytes to cause melanin

Question 18

ADH action

Answer 18

(vasopressin)
In response to increased NaCl or low BP
causes water retention and constricts peripheral BV

Question 19

Oxytocin action

Answer 19

Contraction (uterus, boobies)
in males contracts prostate

Question 20

Thyroid gland structure

Answer 20

Highly vascularized
has two lobes connected by isthmus

Question 21

thyroid hormone production

Answer 21

Occurs in colloid, T thyrocytes secrete thyroglobulin which is processed to T4/3 on the apical side by thyroid peroxidase

Question 22

C tyrocytes

Answer 22

within the thyroid
produce calcitonin
inhibits osteoclasts lowering Ca+ conc in blood

Question 23

Parathyroid glands

Answer 23

posterior to thyroid
has parathyroid cells and oxyphil cells

Question 24

Parathyroid cells

Answer 24

Produce PTH
reduces excretion of Ca+ and increases absorption via calcitriol
starts osteoclasts to cause bone reabsorption

Question 25

oxyphil cells

Answer 25

in the parathyroid action unknown but thought to support PTH

Question 26

Zona Glomerulosa

Answer 26

outmost adrenal cortex layer produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

Question 27

Zona fasciculate

Answer 27

middle layer of adrenal cortex Process glucocorticoids cortisol

Question 28

Zona reticularis

Answer 28

deepest layer of adrenal cortex produces androgens

Question 29

Aldosterone action

Answer 29

retains sodium and water increase blood volume e

Question 30

cortisol action

Answer 30

stress hormone, targets liver to produce glucose and glycogen (energy)

Question 31

Adrenal medulla

Answer 31

contains two Chromatin cell types produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 32

Kidney hormones

Answer 32

Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol

Question 33

Heart hormones

Answer 33

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 34

RAAS system

Answer 34

Kidney responds to low BP by producing renin, renin coverts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1, ACE coverts A1 to angiotensin 2, A2 stimulates aldosterone secretion aldosterone also constricts BV further increasing BP

Question 35

Calcitriol production

Answer 35

Vit D cholecalciferol (skin + diet), covered to intermediate in liver, then to skin for activation, back to liver for calcitriol

Question 36

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 36

Right atrium detects high BP and releases this, it inhibits ADH and aldosterone, loss of water and ions lower blood volume

Question 37

Alpha cells

Answer 37

Secrete glucagon is islets stimulates liver catabolism of glycogen to glucose for energy

Question 38

Beta cells

Answer 38

secrete insulin from islets increase glucose absorption

Question 39

Delta cells

Answer 39

secrete somatostatin from islets Inhibits metabolism and growth (less glucagon, less insulin)

Question 40

F cells

Answer 40

secrete pancreatic polypeptide from islets inhibits gallbladder regulates pancreatic enzymes

Question 41

Pineal glands

Answer 41

Part of epithalamus pinealocytes secrete melatonin

Question 42

melatonin action

Answer 42

slows sperm, oocytes and reproductive organs controls eepy