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A&P II > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine glands secrete into what?

A

ducts

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2
Q

endocrine glands secrete into the?

A

bloodstream

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3
Q

what is required to make thyroid hormone

A

iodine and tyrosine

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4
Q

what is true about nitric oxide in the body

A

gas
hormone/neurotransmitter
produced in endothelial cells

it is NOT a vasoconstrictor

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5
Q

what do eicanosoids do

A

increase inflammation

(leukotrienes and prostaglandins)

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6
Q

where do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

insulin like growth factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the ant. pituitary

A

human growth hormone

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8
Q

what hormone stimulates maturation of oocyte in females AND sperm production in males

A

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

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9
Q

what hormone triggers ovulation in females

A

LH

leutinizing hormone

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10
Q

what hormones are stored and released in posterior pituitary

A

antidieretic hormone, Oxytocin

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11
Q

which tissues are targets for oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands (breast)

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12
Q

what substances are produced by the thyroid gland

A

T3
T4
Thyroglobulin

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13
Q

what hormones are released by the hypothalamus

A

GHRH
TRH
CRH
PRH
GnRH

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14
Q

what isnt released by the hypothalamus

A

thyroid stimulated hormone

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15
Q

what promotes thyroid gland secretion

A

low levels of T3,T4 in blood
increases TRH from hypothalamus
increases TSH secretion from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

where is calcitonin produced

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid

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17
Q

calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland increases

osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease

A
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18
Q

what happens when the parathyroid hormone levels increase

A

osteoCLAST activity increases
blood calcium levels increase

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19
Q

low levels of blood calcium levels would result in an increase of P___? and a decrease of C____?

A

increase PTH
decrease calcitonin

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20
Q

what hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla

A

cortisol

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21
Q

what does the zona fasciculata produce

A

cortisol

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22
Q

pancreatic alpha cells produce what

A

glucagon

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23
Q

pancreatic beta cells produce what

A

insulin

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24
Q

glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in what type of cells

A

hepatocytes

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25
Q

G___ promotes appetite

A

Ghrenlin

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26
Q

L___ suppresses appetite

A

Leptin

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27
Q

what system is not interrupted during stress response

A

cardiovascular system

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28
Q

what triggers the release of renin from the kidneys

A

decrease in blood pressure

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29
Q

what promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland

A

angiotensin II from the lungs

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30
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase BP
increase NA and Cl reabsorption
increase K secretion

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31
Q

can water soluble hormones pass the phospholipid bilayer

A

no

binds to receptors on plasma membrane
first and second messengers
can change protein activities inside of the cell

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32
Q

do lipid hormones need a receptor

A

NO, require carrier protein

can cross bilayer easily
bind receptors in the cell

alters the cells activity

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33
Q

what are eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins) made of

A

arachidonic acid

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34
Q

anterior pituitary gland cell types (5)

A

somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs

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35
Q

infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland

A

blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary

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36
Q

the hypophyseal portal system connects the blood supply of the anterior pituitary to the blood supply of hypothalamus

A
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37
Q

what are the functions of the thyroid gland

A

INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
- adding Na/K and ATP pumps
- adding enzymes for cellular respiration
- adding mitochondria in cell

ENHANCE CATECHOLAMINES (epi and norepinephrine promotes sympathetic responses

REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF NERVOUS / BONE TISSUE

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38
Q

what does the atrial natriuretic peptide do

A

decrease blood pressure

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39
Q

what does T3,T4 do and where does it come from

A

thyroid follicular cells

increase BMR

40
Q

what do paracrine hormones act on

A

neighboring cells

41
Q

what do autocrine hormones act on

A

themselves (same cell)

42
Q

what are the lipid soluble hormones

A

aldosterone and cortisol (cerebral cortex)
calcitriol (kidneys)
testosterone (testes)
estrogen / progesterone (ovaries)

43
Q

water soluble hormones

A

peptides
protein hormones
eicosanoids

44
Q

what does somatotrophs produce

A

human growth hormone

45
Q

what do thyrotropes secrete

A

thyroid hormone

46
Q

what do gonadotrophs make

A

FSH and LH

47
Q

what do lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

47
Q

what causes diabetes insipidus

A

low ADH OR ADH resistant

48
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete

A

adrenocorticotropic and melanocyte

49
Q

leukotrines are released by mast cells lining the airways in response to what

A

an irritant or allergen

50
Q

in a lipid soluble hormone where are the receptors

A

inside target cell

51
Q

3 functions of transport proteins

A

make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble

slow down filtration

provide hormones in bloodstream

52
Q

what does a decrease of blood pressure in kidneys cause

A

increased renin secretion

53
Q

renin goes into the liver and turns what into what

A

angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

54
Q

angiotensin I goes into the lungs and does what

A

turn into angiotensin II into ACE

55
Q

in the adrenals what happens to AG II

A

increased aldosterone = increased blood pressure

56
Q

what do chief cells produce

A

parathyroid hormone

57
Q

cAMP changes a bunch of stuff in cells - turns stuff on

A

phosphorylate turns it off

58
Q
A
59
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete

A

ACTH
adrenocorticotropic

MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone

60
Q

what are the 2 releasing inhibiting hormones

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone

61
Q

all hormones from hypothalamus have RELEASING in the name

A
62
Q

what regulates metabolism

A

growth hormone

63
Q

hypothalamus releases GHRH

A

anterior pituitary release GH - GROWTH hormone, hGH

64
Q

liver produces what

A

insulin growth factors

65
Q

hypothalamus secretes growth hormone releasing hormone or growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A

anterior pituitary responds by releasing growth hormone

liver responds by producing insulin like growth factors

66
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus and controls what?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone secretions
dependent on blood levels of T3 & T4

high levels in the blood inhibit more secretions

67
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus which stimulates what

A

release of
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone

68
Q

the hypothalamus secretes both inhibitory and excitatory hormones for what?

A

PROLACTIN

69
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of what|?

A

ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone

which controls the production and secretion of cortisol and other substances secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland

70
Q

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) does NOT synthesize hormones, it release 2 hormones that are ?

A

OXYTOCIN
ANTIDIUERTIC HORMONE

from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

71
Q

blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by the hypophyseal arteries and flows where

A

into the capillary plexus of the infundibular process

72
Q

what is calcitonin secreted by and what does it do

A

thyroid - PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS

changes calcium levels in blood
inhibits osteoclasts

73
Q

increased PTH = increased calcium

A

decreased PTH = decreased calcium

directly proportional

74
Q

zona reticularis comes from what hormone and does what

A

androgens

secretes male hormones

75
Q

zona glomerulosa comes from what and does what

A

aldosterone

regulates blood pressure

76
Q

zona fasciculata comes from where and does what

A

cortisol and is anti-inflammatory

77
Q

the zonas all come from where

A

adrenal cortex

78
Q

where does norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine come from

A

adrenal medulla

fight or flight/ increase sympathetic

79
Q

where does thymosin come from and what does it do

A

thymus gland

increases T cell development

80
Q

what does glucagon produce and what does it do

A

alpha cells

INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE

81
Q

what does insulin produce and what does it do

A

beta cells

DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE

82
Q

what does somatostatin produce and what does it do

A

delta cells

INHIBITS BOTH GLUCAGON AND INSULIN

83
Q

thyroid releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus into where

A

the hypophyseal portal system stimulating the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland that stimulates T3 and T4

84
Q

what stimulates the release of thyrotropin

A

low blood levels of T3, T4 and low metabolic rate

85
Q

what happens if there is too much circulating T3

A

inhibition of TRH and TSH

86
Q

3 main functions of thyroid gland

A

increase in basal metabolic rate

enhance catecholamines

regulates development and growth of bone and nervous tissue

87
Q

what gland regulates calcium magnesium and phosphates in the body

A

parathyroid glands/ hormone

88
Q

what do high serum calcium levels stimulate

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid gland to produce more calcitonin - inhibiting OSTEOCLAST , decreasing blood serum calcium

89
Q

RAAS pathway

A
  1. kidney secretes renin into bloodstream
  2. renin converts angiotensinogen from liver into angiotensinogen I
  3. flows through lungs it comes into contact with angiotensin converting enzyme ACE into angiotensin II
  4. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
90
Q

what does aldosterone do in the kidneys

A

reabsorbs more Na+ and H2O
secretes more H+, K+ into urine

91
Q

what does aldosterone do in smooth muscles of arterioles

A

causes VASOCONSTRICTION
increasing blood pressure

92
Q

what 3 hormones does the kidney produce

A

renin (produces aldosterone)

erythropoietin (increases RBC formation)

calcitriol (vitamin D)

93
Q

stress response - hypothalamus to adrenal cortex

A

cortex produces glucocorticoids

stimulate glycogen breakdown for immediate energy

94
Q

the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on what 3 things

A
  1. hormone concentrations in the blood
  2. abundance of hormone receptors
  3. influences exerted by other hormones
95
Q

control of secretions for somatotrophs

A

hypothalamus releases GHRH or GHIH

ant. pit releases GH

GH reaches liver - synthesizes insulin like growth factors

A&P II (10 decks)

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