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A&P II > LYMPHATIC > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of lymphatic system

A

drain excess interstitial fluid

transports dietary lipids

carries out immune response

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2
Q

are lymphatic capillaries larger and more permeable then blood capillaries

A

yes

they absorb larger molecules like proteins and fats

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3
Q

how to enter a lymph vessel (3 ways)

A

elastic anchoring filaments
increase in pressure
increase permeability

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4
Q

what are the 2 enabling pumps

A

respiratory pump - from breathing

muscle pump - comes from calf muscles, walking, calf raises

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5
Q

how is the respiratory pump maintained

A

by pressure changes during inhalation

diaphragm contracts = increased pressure in abdominal cavity

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6
Q

how does the skeletal muscle pump work

A

milking action of skeletal muscles

compress lymphatic vessels and force lymph upwards

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7
Q

where do B cells originate and mature

A

bone marrow

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8
Q

where do T cells originate and mature

A

originate = bone marrow

mature = thymus

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9
Q

what drains the lungs

A

bronchiomediatic

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10
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of

A

fluid
vessels
tissue
organs
red bone marrow

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11
Q

what pulls on endothelial cells to increase permeability

A

anchoring filaments

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12
Q

what are lacteals

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries in guts for fat transport and absorbs fat

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13
Q

flow of lymph

CVTD

A

starts: blood capillaries into interstitial space into lymphatic capillaries into

VESSELS
TRUNKS
DUCTS
back into blood stream via jugular and subclavian veins

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14
Q

where does the left side of the head drain to

A

left thoracic duct

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15
Q

what does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain

A

LUNGS
heart
thoracic cavity

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16
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow
thymus

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17
Q

where do stem cells divide and turn into immune cells

A

primary organs

thymus, red bone marrow

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18
Q

what does the right duct do

A

drain the right upper body and head

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19
Q

where do immune responses occur

A

secondary lymphatic organs

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules

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20
Q

what is the cisterna chyli

A

origin of LEFT thoracic duct

collects lymph form lumbar and intestinal trunks

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21
Q

what cells have the ability to morph into other cells & where are they produced

A

pluripotent

produced in red bone marrow

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22
Q

what are the regions of a lymph node and what cells are in each

A

outer cortex - B cells

inner cortex - T cells

medulla- B cells

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23
Q

what cells are in the outer cortex

A

B cells in lymphatic nodules

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24
Q

what cells are in the inner cortex

A

T cells and dendritic cells

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25
Q

route of lymph fluid in nodes
ASTMEH

A

afferent
subcapsular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum

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26
Q

what region is the spleen in

A

left hypochondriac

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27
Q

where do blood cells die

A

spleen red pulp

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28
Q

where are lymphatic nodules located

A

lamina propria layer of mucous membranes

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29
Q

what is the second line of defence

A

when pathogen gets through skin and mucous membranes

killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever

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30
Q

first line of defense

A

skin, mucous membranes
epidermis
hairs
cilia

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31
Q

natural killer cells release

A

granzymes

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32
Q

when a natural killer cell binds to an infected cell it releases toxic chemicals called

A

perforins

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33
Q

steps of phagocytosis

(5)

CAIDD

A

chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death

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34
Q

signs and symptoms of inflammation

SHARP

A

swelling
heat
altered function
redness
pain

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35
Q

what are the 3 stages of inflammatory process

A

vasodilation and increased permeability

emigration of phagocytes

tissue repair

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36
Q

what system stimulates histamine release

A

complement system

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37
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

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38
Q

what type of antibody activates B cells

A

IgD

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39
Q

what cell does not express MHC II

A

T cells

40
Q

what cell express MCH I and MCH II

A

macrophages

41
Q

what does innate immunity mean

A

born with

42
Q

what happens in white pulp inside of spleen

A

B and T cells carry out immune functions

43
Q

lymphatic tissues that are not encapsulated are called nodules, scattered through propria layer of mucous membrane - what are they called in the GI, urinary, reproductive tract?

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

MALT

44
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

acquired over a lifetime

cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity

45
Q

***what are the results of complement activation

A

increased phagocytosis

histamine is released

formation of a membrane attack complex

46
Q

what cells live inside a lymph node

A

B & T cells, macrophages

47
Q

what kind of tonsils get removed most commonly

A

palatine

48
Q

what is the next defense after a microbe gets past the first line of defense

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells

49
Q

what gets to the site of the infection first

A

neutrophils, then morph into macrophages

50
Q

inflammatory process:

stage 1 - vasodilation & increased permeability

A

artery widens and becomes leakier = increased blood flow

brings in phagocytes for clean up, removes toxins

accounts for 3/5 stages of inflammation

51
Q

in stage 1 of inflammatory process what signs are present

A

redness, swelling, heat

52
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the inflammatory process

A

neutrophils squeeze through the artery wall to damaged tissue

try to destroy microbes

monocytes arrive

accumulation of dead phagocytes = pus

53
Q

what happens in stage 3 of inflammatory process

A

TISSUE REPAIR

carried out by phagocytes to clean up

proliferation and remodeling begins

54
Q

what antibody is breast milk

A

IgA

55
Q

what is located on antigen producing cells

A

MHC II molecules

56
Q

what is the distinguishes the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system

A

specificity and memory

the adaptive recognizes specific foreign pathogens but remembers flagged pathogens for next time

57
Q

what is immunogenicity

A

ability to provoke an immune response

58
Q

in cell mediated immunity what cells are activated

A

T cells

59
Q

when the diaphragm contracts is there increased pressure in the abdominal cavity

A

yes

60
Q

what does the cisterna chyli collect

A

lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks

61
Q

what cells does red bone marrow produce

A

pluripotent cells

62
Q

what cells are in the medulla

A

B cells, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages

63
Q

flow of lymph (ASTMEH)

A

AFFERENT
subcapsular
trabeculae
medullary
efferent
hilum

64
Q

what cells live inside lymph nodes

A

B&T

65
Q

what kind of capillaries live inside red bone marrow

A

highly vascularized sinusoid capillaries

66
Q

what cell links antibody mediated immune system to the cell mediated immune system

A

T helper cells

67
Q

what is MALT and where is it found

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

scattered throughout the GI Tract

68
Q

what happens in white pulp

A

B&T cells carry out immune function, lymphocytes, macrophages

69
Q

what happens in red pulp

A

death of blood cells

storage of platelets, RBC’s, macrophages, plasma cells

70
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of the first line defense

A

mucous
lysosomes
fatty acids
gastric juice

71
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms of a second line defense

A

anti microbial substances
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever

72
Q

adaptive immunity has two methods

A

cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity

73
Q

what cells are activated in cell mediated immunity

A

granzymes
perforins
granulysin

74
Q

how do natural killer cells kill stuff

A

perforins
granzymes
granulosin

75
Q

what is part of the first line of defence

A

skin, mucous membranes, hair, epidermis, cilia, fluids , lysozymes

76
Q

what is included in the second line of defense

A

internal antimicrobial substances
natural killer cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever

77
Q

3 stages of inflammatory process

A

vasodilation
emigration
tissue repair

78
Q

what considered a high fever

A

over 37 degrees

indicator your hypothalamus is helping fight infection

79
Q

what is an immunogolulin

A

an antibody that recognizes and reacts to the presence of foreign substance in the body

80
Q

what is the most abundant antibody

A

IgG

81
Q

what antibody is found on the surface of B cells and activates B cells

A

IgD

82
Q

what does the major histocompatibility complex do

A

flag making apparatus

identifies every cell, foreign or not

83
Q

what are antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic
B cells
macrophages

84
Q

mhc2 is only on antigen presenting cell

A

true

85
Q

function of MHC2

A

places markers or flags on plasma membranes

86
Q

T helper cells bind to MHC2 to activate B cells

A
87
Q

Cytotoxic b cells bind MHC1

A
88
Q

what antibody is responsible for hypersensitive reactions

A

IgE

89
Q

what do lymph nodes act as

A

filters to trap foreign invaders

90
Q

lymph flows from abdominal region where pressure is higher upward toward the thoracic region where pressure is lower to equalize pressures , what rule is that

A

rule #1

91
Q

during exhalation the valves close to prevent backflow of lymph

A
92
Q

how to enter lymph vessel

A

elastic anchoring filaments
increase in pressure
increase permeability

93
Q

cell mediated immunity is where and what cells

A

inside the cell - T cells

protects against intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, memory T cells produced

94
Q

antibody mediated immunity happens where and with what cells

A

outside of cells - B cells

effective agaisnt extracellular pathogens

95
Q

Anchoring filaments - more pressure on outside then inside - all reasons why lymph naturally flows from capillary beds into lymphatic capillaries

A

all of the above answer

96
Q

what cells trigger apoptosis

A

granzymes

97
Q
A

A&P II (10 decks)

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