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A&P II > URINARY > Flashcards

URINARY Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

how much fluid can the bladder hold on average

A

700-800ml

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2
Q

what level of the spine controls the micturition reflex

A

S2,S3

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3
Q

which layer of bladder controls the internal sphincter

A

middle (involuntary controlled)

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4
Q

what is the order of filtrate passing through a nephron
(PDADC)

A

PCT
descending limb
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct

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5
Q

what is secreted into the filtrate at the DCT

A

K+, H+

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6
Q

in tubular secretion which method of transport utilizes symporters and antiporters?

A

secondary active transport

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7
Q

functions of urinary system

A

excrete waste

REGULATION OF:
blood ions
blood pH
blood volume
blood pressure
blood glucose

maintain blood osmolality

produce hormone

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8
Q

what is contained in the renal hilum of the kidneys

A

renal artery, pelvis, nerves, vein, calyces

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9
Q

the micturition reflex involves what action?

A

involuntary relaxation of internal sphincter

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10
Q

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of what cells?

A

macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells

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11
Q

urea is absorbed and recycled predominantly from where

A

collecting duct

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12
Q

blood supply to kidney in order
ASIACAGE

A

aorta
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles

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13
Q

what are the two types of nephrons
C & J
which is closer to medulla

A

cortical (short loops)

juxtamedullary nephron (deep near medulla) (long loops)

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14
Q

how do our kidneys regulate glomerular filtration

A

GFR is the amount of renal filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys in one minute, must be stable

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15
Q

mechanisms that allow kidney to autoregulate w/o influence (5)

MMNHH

A

myogenic - walls of afferent arteriole stretch due to high BP = reduced GFR

macula densa feedback -arteries constrict or dilate and increase GFR

neuroregulation - SNS firing, decrease in GFR, BP

hormonal regulation - below

homeostatic regulation - RAAS

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16
Q

which hormone increase GFR

A

atrial naturetic peptide ANP

decrease BV/BP

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17
Q

which hormone decreases GFR

A

angiotensin II

vasoconstrictor, decrease BP

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18
Q

what does the Antidiuertic Hormone do

A

increase blood volume/pressure

decrease urine

posterior pit.gland releases it in response to dehydration

vasoconstriction

in late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

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19
Q

what does Atrial Natriuertic Peptide do

A

decrease blood volume and pressure

increase GFR

stretching of atria stimulates secretion, increase surface by relaxing capillaries or dilating afferent arteriole

increase Na and water secretions

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20
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increases BV&BP
stimulates principal cells & aquaporin channels in CT to reabsorb more Na+ and more water to secrete more K+

stimulated by angiotensin II

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21
Q

where is urea recycled and why do we get rid of it

A

collecting duct

to keep the medulla more salty and to retain more water

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22
Q

what is excreted and absorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

excreted: hydrogen, urea, creatinine, ammonium

absorbed: water, sodium, urea, glucose, chlorine, AA, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium

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23
Q

what is not secreted by PCT

A

glucose

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24
Q

what is dysuria

A

painful urination

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25
what is enuresis
involuntary voiding
26
what is secreted in distal convoluted tubules
K+, H+
27
what are the different types of transport through cells and between cells PR & TR
paracellular reabsorption - moves the substance between leaky adjacent cells, passive process transcellular resorption- moves substance through an individual tubule cell
28
what does primary transport do
sodium potassium pump - sodium one way - K+ the other ATP fuels the Na+/K+ pumps
29
what is secondary active transport
uses symporters and antiporters
30
what is the renal corpuscle
water and all solutes present in the blood are filtered out into capsular space of bowmans capsule it is made of bowmans capsule and glomerulus
31
what do the macula cells and juxtaglomerular cells do and where are they located
macula = ascending loop of henle - monitor blood pressure and flow juxta = wall of afferent arteriole - regulate blood pressure they are responsible for AUTOREGULATION OF GFR
32
what are the 3 layers of the detrusor
inner longitudinal middle circular outer longitudinal middle circular form an internal urethral sphincter controlled by ANS and under involuntary control and skeletal muscles form an external urethral sphincter under voluntary control the internal is relaxed when peeing
33
flow of urine through a kidney NCPMMRUUU
nephron collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra
34
what makes the ascending loop of henle different then the other parts of a nephron
it is impermeable
35
blood supply to the kidney ASIACAGE
renal artery off abdominal aorta segmental arteries interlobar arcuate cortical radiate afferent arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles
36
water % for reabsorption
65% Proximal Convoluted Tubule 15% Descending Loop 20% Distal Convoluted Tubule PCT is most salty area
37
what is secreted in the DCT
K+, H+
38
which hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporin expression in the principle cells at the DCT
AntiDiueretic Hormone AQUAPORINS AND ADH GO TOGETHER
39
3 basic functions of nephrons
glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion
40
layers of glomerular filtration (3) F BM P
fenestrations - glomerular endothelial cells are very leaky, allows everything but red blood cells to filter through basement membrane- layer of collagen w holes in it, allows water and small proteins through podocytes w pedicles - foot like processes that form slits to allow smaller proteins through
41
what are the 3 pressures that effect GFR
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - PROMOTES capsular hydrostatic pressure - OPPOSES blood colloid osmotic pressure - OPPOSES
42
blood pressure pushed solutes out of blood though filtration membrane into the capsule and capsular pressure and blood colloid pressures push back
43
what is the GFR
the measure of how much renal filtrate is formed in both kidneys in one minute
44
which of the pressures that affect GRF are negative vs positive
negative = capsular hydrostatic, blood colloid positive = glomerular hydrostatic
45
how is GFR regulated
itself - renal autoregulation 1. myogenic mechanism 2. macula densa feedback sympathetic nerves = neural regulation hormones = hormonal regulation
46
give example of types of molecules that get reabsorbed
glucose and amino acids
47
what part of nephron is responsible for the most reabsorption
proximal convoluted tubule
48
what is a calyx
papillary ducts: receives urine from minor & major calyx and then out the renal pelvis --> out ureters chmaber of kidney where urine passes
49
what are the transport mechanisms O & F
obligatory - homeostasis water that follows its solutes facultative - body working to make it happen the last 10% of water reabsoption regulated by ADH
50
what is the antidiuretic hormone
condition: when dehydrated or a decrease in blood volume vasoconstrictor increase BV/BP stimulates principal cells and aquaporin channels in DCT and CT increase water reabsorption
51
what does the proximal convoluted tubule secrete
H+ - antiporters NH4+ - antiporters urea creatinine
52
loop of henle secretion
urea
53
distal convoluted tubule secretions
K+ - leakage channels H+ = H+ pumps
54
layers of bladder internal to external (MLMA)
mucosa lamina propria muscularis adventitia
55
what's unique about the descending loop of henle
permeable to water
56
how does a kidney regulate GFR
adjusting blood flow VxC or VxD of afferent or efferent arterioles
57
where is the parathyroid hormone & aldosterone found
distal convoluted tubule
58
where is angiotensin II (foot on hose) and ANP (foot off hose) found
afferent arteriole
59
where is the antidiuertic hormone found
DCT, CD
60
kidneys = make renin (regulates blood pressure) liver = angiotensinogen use renin --> AG1
lungs = AG1 use ACE --> Ag2 adrenals = Ag2 --> increase aldosterone --> return to kidney
61

A&P II (10 decks)

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