Endocrine

Question 1

The type of hormone interaction of _____ is where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their effects are amplified

Answer 1

Synergism

Question 2

The release of parathyroid hormone in response to decreased blood calcium levels is a type of _______ stimulus.

Answer 2

Humoral

Question 3

The hypothalamus has neural functions while also producing and releasing hormones, so it is referred to as ______ organ.

Answer 3

Neuroendocrine

Question 4

Master of endocrine gland

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the secretion of large amounts of dilute urine because of a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the?

Answer 5

Posterior pituitary

Question 6

Anterior pituitary produces 6 hormones, what are those?
Mnemonic?

Answer 6

GPA B-FLAT

Question 7

Promotes growth in general, particularly the skeletal system

Answer 7

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 8

Controls the secretion of adrenocortical hormones which in turn affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat.

Answer 8

Corticotropin (ACTH)

Question 9

Promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Answer 9

Prolactin

Question 10

Controls the secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland

Answer 10

TSH

Question 11

Stimulates growth of graafian follicles in the ovary and promotes spermatogenesis in the male

Answer 11

FSH

Question 12

Stimulates secretion of sex hormones by the ovary and testis

Answer 12

LH

Question 13

__________, which makes up about 25% of the gland, serves as a storage area for:

Answer 13

Posterior pituitary

ADH
Oxytocin

Question 14

ADH is also known as

Answer 14

Vasopressin

Question 15

These hormones are produced from in th hypothalamus and transported in axons to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis for storage and secretion

Answer 15

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 16

What could result if the parathyroid gland is excised?

Answer 16

Muscle convulsions

Question 17

The most important regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. It finds major target cells in bone and kidney.

Answer 17

Parathyroid hormone

Question 18

Produce parathyroid hormone, which acts to raise the concentration of calcium in the blood and reduce the concentration of phosphate ions

Answer 18

Chief cells

Question 19

This gland lies at the back of the third ventricle of the brain. It produces the hormone melatonin (sleep hormones)

Answer 19

Pineal gland

Question 20

Parotid gland is drained by:
(Accessory duct)

Answer 20

Stensen’s duct

Question 21

The part of a developing salivary gland destined to become responsible for its functioning is called the:

Answer 21

Adenomere

Question 22

The largest of the subunits and are separated by connective tissue septa

Answer 22

Lobes

Question 23

Are secretory subunits of lobules. Consist of all of the secretory cells that release their products into a single intralobular duct.

Answer 23

Adenomeres

Question 24

Composition of adenomere which synthesizes glycoproteins

Answer 24

Glandular cells

Question 25

Minor salivary gland that is found in the tongue. Associated with circumvallate papilla

Answer 25

Von Ebner’s glands

Question 26

2 adrenal glands also called as _______ are flattened, somewhat triangular-shaped endocrine glands resting upon the superior poles bone of each kidney at the back the abdomen

Answer 26

Suprarenal glands

Question 27

Adrenal cortex produces three main types of hormones:

Answer 27

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex steroids

Question 28

They are produces and released under the control of ACTH , influences the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, promoting breakdown of protein and the release of fat and sugars into the bloodstream

Answer 28

Glucocorticoids

Question 29

Adrenal medulla produce and release:

Answer 29

80% of epinephrine ( adrenaline)and 20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 30

These hormones are released during emergency situations. “Fight or flight”

Answer 30

Epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla

Question 31

Tropic hormones

Answer 31

FSH ACTH LH TSH

Question 32

Secretory cells of the anterior pituitary are categorized into two groups, according to heir staining properties.

Answer 32

Acidophils (acidic stain) : secrete GH and prolactin Basophils (basic ) : secrete TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

Question 33

What anterior pituitary hormone controls the production and secretion of cortisol?

Answer 33

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 34

Secreted from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus

Answer 34

ACTH

Question 35

Excessive cortisol; moonface and buffalo hump appearance

Answer 35

Cushing’s Disease

Question 36

Deficient cortisol; hyperpigmentation, adrenal crisis

Answer 36

Addison’s disease

Question 37

FSH in females

Answer 37

Initiates ovarian follicle development and secretion of estrogens in the ovaries

Question 38

FSH in males

Answer 38

Stimulates sperm production in the testes (spermatogenesis)

Question 39

LH in males and females:

Answer 39

Females - stimulates the secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells to result in ovulation and stimulates formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone Males - stimulates the interstitial cells of leydig in the testes to secrete progesterone

Question 40

Main excretory duct of the pancreas

Answer 40

Wirsung’s duct

Question 41

The degeneration of the islets of Langerhans leads to

Answer 41

Diabetes mellitus

Question 42

Islets of Langerhans - endocrine cells of pancreas

Answer 42

Endocrine portion

Question 43

Pancreatic exocrine cells ; filled with secretory granules containing digestive enzymes ( pancreatic lipase, etc.) that are screted into the lumen of the acinus

Answer 43

Acinar cells of the exocrine portion

Question 44

2 ducts that may be associated with the pancreas:

Answer 44

Main pancreatic duct ( Wirsung’s duct) Accessory pancreatic duct ( Santotini’s duct)

Question 45

This ampulla discharges bile and pancreatic enzymes into ye descending portion. I d this duodenum

Answer 45

Hepatopancreatic duct ( Ampulla or Vater )

Question 46

Begins at the tail and joins the common bile duct to form ampulla of Vater

Answer 46

Duct of Wirsung

Question 47

A prominent feature of the superior mediastinum during infancy and childhood, in adulthood, it is usually replaced by adipose tissue.

Answer 47

Thymus

Question 48

Its primary function is that of lymph organ; central control organ for the immune system.

Answer 48

Thymus

Question 49

The most critical mineral involved in thymus gland

Answer 49

Zinc - involved virtually every aspect of immunity

Question 50

Hormones produced by the thymus which stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes in other lymphatic organs.

Answer 50

Thymosin

Question 51

Overproduction of TSH can lead to

Answer 51

GRAVE’S DISEASE

Question 52

Secretes calcitonin that acts to reduceblood calcium, opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Answer 52

Parafollicular / C cells

Question 53

Tumor prior to adolescence, excessive GH delays ossification of epiphyseal cartilage (non fusion of epiphysis)

Answer 53

Pituitary gigantism

Question 54

After adolescence, excess GH

Answer 54

Acromegaly

Question 55

GH deficiency resulting in early replacement of epiphyseal cartilage by bone

Answer 55

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 56

Excessive thyroid hormones will lead to?

Answer 56

Hyperthyroidism

Question 57

Deficient thyroid hormones will lead to?

Answer 57

Hypothyroidism

Question 58

Is the outer layer of the adrenal cortex responsible for making mineralocorticoids.

Answer 58

Zona Glomerulosa

Question 59

Help tyr body regulate salt and fluid levels, and maintain normal blood circulation.

Answer 59

Mineralocorticoids

Question 60

Is the most important mineralocorticoid made by adrenal glands.

Answer 60

Aldosterone

Question 61

A layer of the adrenal Cortez x which produces glucocorticoids.

Answer 61

Zona faciculata

Question 62

Regulates sugar levels, maintain normal blood pressure, and help you respond to stress and illness.

Answer 62

Glucocorticoids

Question 63

Is the most important glucocorticoid

Answer 63

Cortisol

Question 64

The most potent androgen

Answer 64

Testosterone

Question 65

Responsible for producing androgens (make hormones)

Answer 65

Zona reticularis

Question 66

What portal venous system is critical for proper endocrine function?

Answer 66

Hypophyseal

Question 67

The _______ contains abundant axons whose cell bodies are located mainly in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Answer 67

Neurohypophysis / posterior pituitary gland

Question 68

They are associated with the mixed acini of the sublingual and submandibular glands as well as the glands of the esophagus and trachea.

Answer 68

Seroud demilunes

Question 69

Are contractile cells that lie between the basement membrane and the plasma membrane of the secretory cells; possess manny actin-containing microfilaments, which squeeze on the secretory cells and move their products toward theexcretory ducts.

Answer 69

Myoepithelial cells

Question 70

Are rumors that can affect vision, sometimes causing vision loss.

Answer 70

Pituitary adenomas

Question 71

Consist of perforated areas on either side of the crista galli. Transmits olfactory nerve bundles.

Answer 71

Cribriform plate

Question 72

Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are transported to the pituitary gland for storage by way of:

Answer 72

Unmyelinated nerve fibers

Question 73

This system of blood vessels links the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary; allows endocrine communication between the two structures.

Answer 73

Hypophyseal portal system