ENDOCRINE

Question 1

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 1

The base of the brain.

Question 2

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 2

ACTH
TSH
FSH
LH
ADH
Oxytocin

Question 3

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 3

Behind the larynx.

Question 4

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 4

Thyroid
Calcitonin

Question 5

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

Answer 5

Either side of the thyroids.

Question 6

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland?

Answer 6

Parathormone.

Question 7

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 7

In the loop of the duodenum.

Question 8

What hormones does the pancreas gland produce?

Answer 8

Insulin
Glucagon

Question 9

Where is the adrenals gland located?

Answer 9

Cranial to the kidneys (in front of the kidneys).

Question 10

What hormones does the adrenals gland produce?

Answer 10

Cortisol
Aldosterone

Question 11

What gland is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 11

The pancreas

Question 12

What gland is associated with Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 12

The pancreas

Question 13

What hormone imbalance is there with Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 13

Insulin deficiency

Question 14

What gland is associated with Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 14

Pituitary gland
Kidney

Question 15

What hormone balance is there with Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 15

ADH deficiency
Failure to respond to ADH

Question 16

What gland is associated with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

Answer 16

Pituitary
Adrenals

Question 17

What hormone imbalance is there with Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

Answer 17

Excess ACTH = excess cortisol.
Tumour = excess cortisol

Question 18

What gland is associated with Hypoadrenocortiscism (Addison;s)

Answer 18

The adrenals.

Question 19

What hormone imbalance is there with Hypoadrenocorticism?

Answer 19

Aldosterone and/or = cortisol deficiency.

Question 20

What gland is associated with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

The thyroid

Question 21

What hormone imbalance is there with hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

Excess thyroxine

Question 22

What gland is assosiciated with hypothyroidism?

Answer 22

The thyroid.

Question 23

What hormone imbalance is there to do with hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

Thyroxine deficiency.

Question 24

What gland is the hyperparathyoidism associated with?

Answer 24

Parathparathyroidism

Question 25

What is Diabetes Mellitus caused by?

Answer 25

Caused by a deficiency of insulin. Results in the body being unable to store sugar (as glycogen) in the cells, therefore high levels of glucose remain in the circulation.

Question 26

What is the most common cause of diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 26

Degeneration of the beta cells of the pancreas (islets of langerhans), which are responsible from insulin production.

Question 27

What are the two types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 27

Type 1 = caused by the destruction of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Type 2 = the pancreatic cells produce inadequate amounts of insulin or there is resistance to the insulin that is produced.

Question 28

What are the initial clinical signs on Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 28

Polyphagia Polydipsia & polyuria Still bright & happy

Question 29

What are the advanced clinical signs of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 29

Anorexia Vomiting Dehydration Ketosis - when the body cannot access BG for energy in the body. PU/PD

Question 30

What is a complication in Diabetes Mellitus that can occur?

Answer 30

Hypoglycaemia - too much insulin is injected, animal fails to eat, animal exercise too much, ‘peak effect’ is before 3/4 of ration.

Question 31

Signs of hypoglycaemia.

Answer 31

Ataxia Muscle tremors & weakness Collapse & coma

Question 32

What is insulin resistance?

Answer 32

Occurs if the root of Diabetes Mellitus is immune mediated (or there is an immune response to the insulin being used) and the body is destroying the insulin as quickly as it is being administered.

Question 33

What is Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) & causes?

Answer 33

Tumour of the pituitary gland causing an increase in ACTH. Adrenal tumour causing increased cortisol.

Question 34

Clinical signs of Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)?

Answer 34

Polyphagia, PU/PD Bilateral alopecia Potbellied (hepatomegaly) Muscle weakness/lethargy

Question 35

What is Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)?

Answer 35

A result of too little cortisol and/or too little aldosterone being produced by adrenal glands. Vague clinical signs = vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, depression.

Question 36

What is an addisonsian crisis?

Answer 36

When clinical symptoms of Hypoadrenocorticism become more severe (collapse, bradycardia, slow CRT). A life threatening condition.

Question 37

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 37

The production of excessive thyroxine & is most commonly seen in cats over 6yrs - rarely dogs.

Question 38

Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

Answer 38

Increased metabolic rate Polyphagia PU/PD Aggression Excitability Tachycardia Palpable mass in neck (goitre)

Question 39

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 39

A deficiency in amount of thyroxine produced. Most commonly seen in dogs - rarely seen in cats.

Question 40

Clinical signs of hypothyroidism

Answer 40

Anorexia Weight gain Lethargy Bilateral alopecia Potbellied Bradycardia Slowdown of metabolic rate

Question 41

What is Hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 41

A condition caused by excess levels of parathormone. The hormones parathormone (parathyroid’s) & calcitonin (thyroid) work antagonistically to balance levels of calcium in blood.

Question 42

What are the two types of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 42

Primary = caused by tumour of parathyroid glands. Secondary = caused by renal failure (rubber jaw) or nutritional imbalance.

Question 43

What are the causes of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 43

Two possible causes. Central DI = failure of the pituitary to produce ADH. Nephrogenic DI = failure of the kidney to respond to ADH.

Question 44

Clinical signs of diabetes Insipidus

Answer 44

PU & PD +++++ Low USG (1.000-.007)