URINARY

Question 1

What is nephritis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of the kidneys.

Question 2

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 2

Inflammation of the glomerus.

Question 3

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 3

Inflammation of kidney associated with a bacterial infection.

Question 4

What does azotaemia mean?

Answer 4

An increased amount of nitrogenous waste in the blood.

Question 5

What are the main functions of the kidney?

Answer 5

Produce renin.
Filter waste from the blood & combine with excess water to from urine.
Homeostasis.
Fat soluble vitamin D.
Produce erythropoietin.

Question 6

What are the two types of renal disease?

Answer 6

Acute - sudden onset, complete/almost cessation of renal function.

Chronic - progressive loss of functional tissue.

Question 7

What is acute kidney injury?

Answer 7

An abrupt cessation in renal function which has got worse over a period of time.

Question 8

List some causes of acute renal failure.

Answer 8

Leptospirosis infection
Poisoning
Hypovolaemia
CHF
Addisons
Obstruction
Reduction of blood flow to the kidneys.

Question 9

What are the 3 different classes of acute kidney injury?

Answer 9

Pre-renal, renal, post-renal.

Question 10

What are the signs of acute renal failure?

Answer 10

Lethargy
V+ D+
Halitosis
Anorexia
Dehydration
Oliguria/anuria

Question 11

What is the treatment for acute renal failure?

Answer 11

IVFT
Treat underlying cause
Once hydrated, use diuretics to stimulate urine.
Diet - low protein/low phosphorus.
Peritoneal dialysis.
Monitor urine output.
Monitor vital signs.

Question 12

What is peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 12

Used to filter waste products from the blood & reduce azotaemia.
Involves infusing sterile fluid into abdomen, to ‘soak up’ any nitrogenous waste in peritoneum. Fluid is then withdrawn.

Question 13

What are some causes of chronic renal failure?

Answer 13

Nephrotoxins
Ischaemia
Pyelonephritis
Congenital/hereditary disease
Idiopathic
Dietary
Glomerulonephritis

Question 14

What does Ischaemia mean?

Answer 14

Deficiency of blood in a part due to constriction/obstruction of the coronary arteries.

Question 15

Signs of chronic renal failure?

Answer 15

Will vary depending on cause.

Dehydration
Vomiting
Anorexia
Halitosis
Swollen enlarged kidneys
Anuria
Polydipsia

Question 16

What is the treatment for chronic renal failure?

Answer 16

Anti-emetics.
IV fluids
Vitamin B
Antibiotics
Anabolic steroids
Diet

Question 17

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 17

Usually an end stage disease progressed from glomerulonephritis. Large amounts of protein lost in the urine.

Question 18

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 18

Similar to chronic renal failure, as well as -
Hypoalbuminaemia
Subcutaneous oedema
Ascites
Severe proteinuria

Question 19

What is cystitis?

Answer 19

Inflammation of the bladder.

Question 20

What are the signs of cystitis?

Answer 20

Dysuria
Tenesmus
Pain
Haematuria
Increased frequency of urination (pollakiuria).

Question 21

What does incontinence mean?

Answer 21

The inability to control urination.

Question 22

What can incontinence be caused by?

Answer 22

Sphincter incompetence
Tumour
Prostatic disease
Neurological
Cystitis
Behavioural

Question 23

What does management of incontinence involve?

Answer 23

Barrier creams to prevent scalding.
Frequent walks.
Good hygiene.
Indwelling catheter - recumbent/severe cases.
Drug therapy = propalin, urylin & incurin.

Question 24

What is calculi?

Answer 24

Stones/crystals in the urinary tract.

Question 25

What does urolithiasis mean?

Answer 25

Term used to indicate the condition of calculi in the urinary tract.

Question 26

What are the signs of calculi in the urinary tract?

Answer 26

Dysuria Haematuria Cystitis

Question 27

What are the four types of urinary calculi?

Answer 27

Struvite Oxalate Urate Cystine

Question 28

Where are the four types of urinary calculi found? And what is the pH?

Answer 28

Struvite - bladder/urethra - alkaline Oxalate - urethra - acid/alkaline Urate - bladder - acid/alkaline Cystine - bladder - acid

Question 29

What is Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)/ Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS)?

Answer 29

Group of conditions that affect the lower urinary tract in cats.

Question 30

What are the causes of FLUTD?

Answer 30

Crystals (Struvite or Oxalate) Neoplasia Idiopathic / behavioural

Question 31

What are the signs of FLUTD?

Answer 31

Cystitis Dysuria & tenesmus Anuria leading to azotaemia Haematuria Distended bladder

Question 32

What does the upper urinary tract consist of?

Answer 32

The kidneys and ureters.

Question 33

What is the cause of upper urinary tract disease?

Answer 33

Damage to kidneys may be caused by infection from blood or ascending the ureters, toxaemic, or Ischaemia, calculus formation or increased pressure.

Question 34

What are the signs of upper urinary tract disease?

Answer 34

Azotaemia Abdominal pain Changes in nature/presentation of urine

Question 35

What does the lower urinary tract consist of?

Answer 35

Bladder and urethra

Question 36

What are the most common causes of lower urinary tract disease?

Answer 36

Infection Calculi Neoplasia

Question 37

What are the signs of lower urinary tract disease?

Answer 37

Problems associated with urination - increased, decreased, painful, complete cessation of urination. Haematuria

Question 38

What are common drugs used to treat urinary tract disease?

Answer 38

Diuretics - used to promote urine production (eg Furosemide). Aluminium hydroxide (phosphate binder). Antacids (cimetidine/ranitidine) - reduces gastric acid secretion & acidity of stomach. Nandrolone (anabolic steroid) - helps prevent breakdown of body proteins and so reduced urea formation.