Endocrine-2 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
tropic hormones refers to
A
hormones released by the ant pit
2
Q
hypothalamic hormones
A
trh, crh, gnrh, ghrh, prl inhibitory, somatostatin
3
Q
trh
A
causes ant pit to release tsh
4
Q
crh
A
stimulates release of acth
5
Q
gnrh
A
stimulates release of lh & fsh
6
Q
ghrh
A
stimulates release of gh
7
Q
prl inhibitory
A
inhibits release of prl
8
Q
somatostatin
A
inhibits release of gh & digestive hormone
9
Q
endocrine axes
A
end products feed back to inhibit regulators of own secretion
10
Q
castration results in an increase of __ BECAUSE you wouldn’t produce
A
lh & fsh secretion; testosterone
11
Q
if person can’t produce thyroid hormone, their tsh & trh levels are
A
HIGH
12
Q
secretion of acth inhibited by
A
corticosteroids
13
Q
describe thyroid axes
A
trh -> tsh -> th -> feedback inhibits tsh & trh
14
Q
can corticosteroids be stopped abruptly? why?
A
no. body can’t tell difference between drug taken & cortisol it produces; body thinks cortisol levels are high -> shuts off prod of acth & crh
15
Q
glucocorticoids suppress the
A
hypothalamus & ant pit
16
Q
why must you taper person off drugs slowly
A
to give axes time to start producing acth & crh again
17
Q
abruptly withdrawing drug can be fatal because
A
aldosterone can’t be released w/o presence of acth
18
Q
adrenal medulla
A
modified sympathetic ganglion
19
Q
adrenal cortex
A
endocrine tissue
20
Q
adrenal medulla releases __ in response to
A
epi & norepi; sns
21
Q
adrenal cortex releases __ in response to
A
aldosterone, cortisol, & weak androgens; ant pit producing acth
22
Q
all hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are __ hormones; derived from __
A
steroid hormones; cholesterol
23
Q
cortisol is a __ hormone
A
stress
24
Q
why is cortisol considered a stress hormone
A
it tries to make nutrients available so you have energy source
25
cortisol disorders
cushing's syndrome & addison's disease
26
cause of cushing's syndrome
over secretion of acth from ant pit or too much hormone produced from adrenal cortex
27
effect of cushing's syndrome
changes in carbohydrate & protein metabolism
28
result of cushing's syndrome
1. cortisol elevates blood sugar -> hyperglycemia
2. defect in metabolism -> abnormal fat deposition, moon face, etc.
3. muscle breakdown & muscle weakness
29
cause of addison's disease
inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) & mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
30
why can addison's disease be fatal?
lack of aldosterone production which is essential for life
31
main effect of addison's disease
darkening of skin (bc trying to prof a lot of acth = producing msh)
32
cushing's disease mimics someone who is on
high dose of prednisone
33
symptoms: euphoria, psychotic, poor wound healing, bruising, prone to infection
cushing's syndrome
34
why is it bad to place cortisol near bone frequently
cortisol stimulates osteoclast activity -> lead to osteoporosis
35
adrenal medulla releasing epi & norepi is similar to that of the NS however it
lasts longer (put straight into bloodstream)
36
adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma) symptoms
epi & norepi high, hr high, high bp, blood sug, nervousness, digestive probs, glycosuria, thin
37
stress releases
cortisol
38
why does increased stress increase illness
glucocorticoids inhibit immune responses
39
chronically elevated cortisol ->
atrophy of hippocampus (defects in learning & memory)
40
glucocorticoids (stress hormone) stimulate
catabolism
41
catabolism
breakdown
42
ex of catabolism
protein -> amino acids
43
anabolism
building
44
why do glucocorticoids stimulate catabolism
they try to provide nutrients to be used as energy sources
45
gluconeogenesis
production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
46
what do glucocorticoids stimulate to provide nutrients
gluconeogenesis, fat & protein breakdown, elevation of blood sugar, & opposition of insulin effects
47
stress complicates diabetes tx? why?
t; stress -> glucocorticoids -> aggravate insulin resistance
48
spherical hollow sacs
follicles
49
follicles lines with __ that secrete __
follicular cells; thyroxine
50
protein rich fluid inside thyroid follicles
colloid
51
where is thyroid hormone stored
w/in colloid
52
parafollicular cells secrete
calcitonin
53
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium
54
pth
increases blood calcium
55
what does thyroid hormone do?
increases bmr
56
as a result of an increase of bmr ->
o2 consumption (generates heat), thyroid hormone secretion (in cold weather), hr + force of contraction, & resp rate ALL RAISED
57
what else does thyroid hormone do?
stimulates appetite, accelerates breakdown of macromolecules, & for NS maturation
58
which hormone if not produced in infancy can affect brain development
thyroid hormone
59
person with too much thyroid hormone is
thin, gittery, hr racing, high bp, sweating, constantly hungry
60
person with too little thyroid hormone
overweight, tired, lethargic, cold
61
calcitonin secreted by
parafollicular cells of thyroid
62
calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by
inhibiting osteoclast activity & by stimulating renal calcium excretion
63
iodine deficiency goiter cause
inadequate thyroid hormone produced
64
iodine deficiency goiter results in
increased tsh -> but since don't have thyroid hormone = hypertrophy of gland
65
grave's disease caused by
autoantibodies against thyroid gland
66
grave's disease results in
hypertrophy & toxic goiter or thyrotoxicosis
67
mechanism of grave's disease
autoantibodies look like tsh -> bind to tsh receptor -> stimulate thyroid hormone & gland growth
68
what determines if they have goiter
whether tsh receptor is being stimulated or not
69
iodine deficiency stimulated by
tsh
70
grave's disease stimulated by
antibodies
71
grave's disease: patient also develops
exopthalmia (antib's bind to recep's behind orbits->eyes bulge)
72
grave's disease: patient actual tsh levels very
LOW (tsh stops bc have tons of thyr horm)
73
grave's disease: patient bmr & bp
high
74
hypothyroidism in adults aka
myxedema
75
hypothyroidism in adults can also result in
swelling of hands & feet
76
hypothyroidism in children aka
cretinism
77
pth raises blood calcium by
1. stimulating osteoclast activity
2. prod. vit d
3. increasing renal reabsorption of ca
78
pancreas is a mixed gland
t
79
islets are __ structures
endocrine
80
alpha cells ->
| beta cells ->
glucagon
| insulin
81
insulin secreted in response to a
rise in plasma glucose
82
insulin binds receptors in target cells ->
results in translocation of glucose transporters -> glucose taken up by ADIPOSE tissue -> stimulates glycogen prod -> fat deposition -> storage of hormone
83
insulin effects
1. inhibits lipolysis
2. induces prod of fat-forming enzymes
3. inhibits protein breakdown
84
ketogenesis
when you use FATS as energy source -> prod ketones
85
testosterone produced by
interstitial cells of leydig
86
ovarian follicles release
estrogen
87
estrogen produced by
granulosa cells
88
cells that surround developing oocyte
granulosa cells
89
what converts testosterone to estrogen
aromatase
90
you must have __ to make estrogen
testosterone
91
progesterone produced by
corpus luteum
92
keeps uterine lining in tact to continue pregnancy
placenta
93
placenta releases
estrogen & progesterone
94
insulin rises during __ state
absorptive (following a meal) aka postprandial phase
95
insulin falls during __ state
postabsorbative (fasting)
96
hormonal regulation of metabolism primarily via
plasma glucose levels & amino acid levels
97
if can't use glucose as energy source & must use fat breakdown you produce __ as a biproduct
ketoacids
98
result of ketoacids accumulating
ketoacidosis
99
ketoacidosis usually only occurs in
untreated type 1 diabetes
100
high blood glucose stimulates insulin to get
stored
101
glucagon stimulated by
fall in blood glucose
102
glucagon inhibited by
rise in blood glucose
103
glucagon increases blood glucose during
fasting
104
type 1 diabetes you do produce insulin
f; don't
105
type 1 diabetes __ cells not functional
beta
106
type 1 diabetes tx
give insulin
107
insulin overproduction type __
2 diabetes
108
cause of type 2 diabetes
either cells aren't responding OR down regulating receptors; have insulin resistance
109
can end up w/ islet cell failure -> islet cells can't produce insulin (BIG PROBLEM) -> characteristic of
type 2 diabetes
110
patients w/ type2 diabetes usually develop keto acids
f; rarely bc have insulin working to some degree so ARE pulling in some glucose
111
are beta cells functional in type 2 diabetes
yes
112
type2 tx
diet & exercise
113
what is the hallmark of glycosuria
hyperglycemia
114
the word diabetes refers to
freq urination
115
the word mellitus refers to
honeyed/sweet
116
which type of diabetes is insulin dependent
1
117
what gets used up trying to neutralize ketoacids
bicarb buffers
118
ketone bodies & glycosuria results in
osmotic diuresis
119
osmotic diureses ->
severe dehydration -> severe electrolyte disturbances & acidosis -> comma & death
120
loss of insulin sensitivity/ insulin resistance characteristic of
type2
121
down regulation of receptors or loss of receptor sensitivity, down regulation of glucose transporters characteristics of
type2
122
in the early stages of type2, patient produces normal-slightly elevated insulin
t
123
type2 has a gradual progression
t
124
what up-regulates glucose transporters on skeletal m
exercise
125
if lifestyle modification alone can't control type2 ->
oral hypoglycemic agents added
126
what do oral hypoglycemic agents do
help body use glucose
127
oral hypoglycemic agents only work well with
diet & exercise
128
why are insulin levels high in patient w pre diabetes
body not responding to insulin so puts more out to get a response
129
obesity kills more than smoking & drinking combined
t
130
what happens over time if body not responding to insulin & keeps putting more out to get a response
islet cells can get exhausted & stop producing insulin
131
catecholamines
epi & norepi
132
catecholamines stimulate
glycogenolysis, release of glucose from liver, lypolysis
133
glucocorticoids promote
lypolysis, ketogenesis, gluconeogenesis, & protein breakdown
134
what does thyroxine do
increases bmr
135
what promotes heat generation which is important to cold adaptation
thyroxine
136
why is cornoary art disease associated w type 2
high blood sugar causes tears in endothel -> makes it easier for lipids to deposit
137
what condition goes hand in hand with type 2
dyslipidemia
138
gucocorticoids cause protein synthesis to go
down
139
glucocorticoids cause blood glucose, glycogen, & gluconeogenesis to go
up
140
the skeleton is a huge __ & __ reservoir
ca & phosphate
141
bone resorption done by
osteoclasts
142
bone resorption returns __ & __ to blood
ca & phosphate
143
what stimulates osteoclast apoptosis
estrogen
144
why are women more prone to osteoporosis after menopause
estrogen stimulates osteoclast apoptosis
145
what increases absorption of ca & phosphate from gut
vit d
146
what must be present for pth to stimulate osteoclast activity
vit d
147
bone remodeling important for
stress adaptation
148
__ is secreted in response to low blood ca
pth
149
how does pth raise blood calcium
1. stimulating osteoclast activity
2. increasing renal reabsorption while inhibiting phosphate reabsorption
3. increasing formation of vit d
150
regulators of pth
1. ca levels
2. vit d levels
3. glucocorticoids
151
vit d production beings in the
skin
152
vit d is protective against certain cancers
t
153
raises plasma concentrations of ca & phosphate
vit d
154
how does vit d raises plasma concentrations of ca & phosphate
by increasing intestinal reabsorption of ca & phosphate & from gut & by being permissive to osteoclast activity
155
vit d results in increased
pth
156
vit d results in low
plasma phosphate
157
vit d decreased by
elevated plasma phosphate
158
pth stimulates excretion of __ so that the net effect is an increase in blood ca
phosphate
159
osteoblast
bone forming
160
widow's hump a result of
spinal compression
161
breakdown occurs faster than formation
t
162
__ is inhibited when ca levels are high
pth
163
elevation in vit d levels will inhibit
pth
164
glucocorticoids stimulate pth production
t
165
glucocorticoids cause osteoporosis
t; bc pth stimulates osteoclast activity
166
sunlight far more protective at increasing vit d
t
167
how does pth cause the production of vit d
pth stimulates kidneys to perform last hydroxylation for active form of vit d
168
what does vit d do
raises plasma concentrations of ca & phosphate
169
vit d promotes osteoclast activity
f; in order to pth to stim osteoclast activity, vit d must be present
