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Respiratory-3 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

pao2 refers to

A

o2 dissolved in the plasma BEFORE gas exchange has occurred

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2
Q

how does o2 get from lung alveoli to become dissolved in plasma

A

by diffusion across the alveoli aka gas exchange

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3
Q

the diff between alveolar po2 & pao2 should be

A

5 mmHg

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4
Q

ventilation & perfusion should be

A

the same

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5
Q

low resistance, low pressure pathway

A

pulmonary circuit

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6
Q

blood flow must =

A

airflow

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7
Q

blood vessels feeding poorly ventilated areas of the lung __

A

constrict

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8
Q

blood vessels feeding well ventilated areas of the lung __

A

dilate

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9
Q

when do we see large mismatches of vq ratio

A

pneumonia, emboli, edema

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10
Q

in someone with pulmonary embolism, perfusion is impaired so vq ratio would be __ than 1

A

greater; bc lung better ventilated than they are perfused (perfusion is in denominator so if lowered, # goes up)

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11
Q

over 3 atmospheres of o2 =

A

o2 toxicity

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12
Q

2-3 atmospheres & for a short per of time; treat CO poisoning & anaerobic bacterial infections

A

hyperbaric 02 chamber

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13
Q

we must be conscious to breathe

A

f

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14
Q

respiratory rhythm regulated by

A

neurons in medulla aka rhythmic center

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15
Q

ventral respiratory group controls

A

muscles required for forceful inhalation & exhalation & inhibits the i neurons during exhalation

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16
Q

i neurons

A

activate interneurons that activate spinal motor neurons; assoc w accessory inspiratory muscles

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17
Q

accessory inspiratory muscles are responsible for

A

forced breathing

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18
Q

e neurons

A

inhibit motor neurons of phrenic n. during expiration + activates muscles for forced exhalation

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19
Q

in order to exhale, you have to inhibit the __ during exhalation

A

inspiratory neurons

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20
Q

chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in

A

ph, pco2, & o2

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21
Q

__ ions stimulate chemoreceptors, but __ is driving the __ production

A

h; co2; h

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22
Q

chemoreceptors function to

A

maintain constant ph, pco2, & po2

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23
Q

peripheral chemo rs located in

A

aortic arch & carotid bodies

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24
Q

central chemo rs located in

A

medulla

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25
stimulated by rise in blood h ions, but occurs as a result of co2 increase; they increase ventilation & respond quickly
peripheral chemo rs
26
normal blood ph
7.4
27
ph below 7.4
acidosis
28
ph above 7.4
alkalosis
29
most common cause of hypercapnia (elevated co2)
acidosis
30
most common cause of hypocapnia (low co2)
alkalosis
31
as H ion levels rise, __ increases
ventilation
32
central & peripheral chemo rs behave the same way except central slower to respond
t
33
how do co2 levels get back to normal
decreased ventilation -> don't get rid of enough co2 so increased arterial pco2 -> stimulates peripheral & central chemo rs -> both activate inspiratory center to incr rate & depth of breathing -> helps get ride of co2 -> levels back to norm
34
why does hyperventilating give feeling of passing out?
when co2 levels decrease brain thinks 'too much o2' so constricts brain vessels hence not enough blood reaching brain
35
hyperventilation solution
breathe into bag -> co2 levels rise -> blood vessels to brain dilate -> increased flow to brain
36
better indicator of min-min changes in ventilation
co2
37
central chemo rs respond __ only
co2
38
peripheral chemo rs respond to __ but only at __
o2; o2 levels below 60 mm Hg
39
at what levels of Hg do peripheral chemo rs respond in a major way
less than 60 mm hg
40
low o2 __ ventilation
increases
41
high o2 __ ventilation
inhibits
42
under conditions of low o2, chemo rs are more sensitive to __ as well
co2
43
as co2 levels increase, respiratory rate
increases (to get rid of co2)
44
all chemo rs in presence of low o2 become MORE sensitive to co2
t
45
peripheral chemo rs normally respond to co2 but can also respond to low o2
t
46
both central & peripheral chemo rs respond to increases in __ by making you
co2; increase rate & depth of breathing
47
most healthy individuals will regulate breathing based on
co2 levels
48
individuals with cops always chronically elevated levels of
pco2 (because have trouble exhaling/getting rid of co2)
49
give no more than __ of o2
3L
50
each Hb can bind __ o2 molecules
4
51
how many hb molecules per rbc
280 mil
52
when bound to o2 even if 1 site occupied
oxyhemoglobin
53
if hb completely unoccupied
deoxyhemoglobin
54
where iron at center of heme group has +3 charge rather than +2
methemoglobin
55
methemoglobinemea
large amount of hb in methemoglobin form
56
all of us have some methemoglobin
t
57
iron with +3 charge can't bind o2
t
58
when heme combines with CO (carbon monoxide) & not o2
carboxyhemoglobin
59
Hb prefers __ over __
CO; o2
60
why is carboxyhemoglobin dangerous?
hb won't carry enough o2 -> can die
61
treatment for carboxyhemoglobin
hyperbaric o2 chamber
62
anything that reduced hb amount, reduces __ in major way
total blood o2 content (bc most o2 carried on hb)
63
sao2 aka
percent hb saturation
64
sao2 indication of
oxygenation
65
normal arterial blood is __% saturated hb
97%
66
each form of hb has slightly diff color depending on amount of o2 it carries & absorbs light differently
t
67
what determines o2 carrying capacity
hb concentration
68
what stimulates rbc & hb production
HYPOXIA which stimulates epo -> produces rbc's -> hb rises & ANDROGENS
69
as a result of having higher androgens, males have
higher hct & hb
70
when o2 combines with hb aka
loading reaction
71
when o2 has released from hb
unloading reaction
72
where does loading occur
in lungs surrounding capillary alveoli (bc where o2 levels higher)
73
where does unloading occur
tissues
74
what dictates whether hb will bind to o2 or not
hb levels on environment
75
high po2 favors
loading
76
low po2 favors
unloading
77
what would happen if affinity of o2 for hb were too strong
o2 would not unload to tissues
78
the lower the po2 is, the __ affinity hb has for 02 & the __ it releases
less; more
79
why would a person with pneumonia that isn't so bad still be able to do daily activities?
po2 doesn't fall below 80

Physio (14 decks)

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