endocrine

Question 1

origin of adenohypophysis

Answer 1

ectoderm, Rathke’s pouch

Question 2

5 general cell types of pars distalis

Answer 2

acidophils- somatotrophs (GH), lactotrophes (PRL)

basophils- corticotropes (ACTH), gonadotropes (FSH,LH), thyrotropes (TSH)

Question 3

most numerous type of cell in ant pituitary

Answer 3

somatotropes

Question 4

acidophils in ant pituitary

Answer 4

somatotropes and lactotropes

Question 5

basophils in ant pituitary

Answer 5

corticotropes, gonadotropes, thyrotropes

Question 6

cells types in pars intermedia

Answer 6

basophils, chromophobes, colloid cysts

Question 7

what do the colloid cysts in the pars intermedia represent?

Answer 7

remnants of Rathke’s pouch

Question 8

origin of neurohyophysis

Answer 8

neuroectoderm, 3rd ventricle

Question 9

herring bodies

Answer 9

expanded terminal regions of neurosecretory axons in posterior pituitary

Question 10

describe the axons in the posterior pituitary

Answer 10

non-myelinated axons ending in neurosecretary neurons near fenestrated capillaries

Question 11

secretions of the posterior pituitary

Answer 11

ADH and oxytocin

Question 12

what is contained in the infundibulum?

Answer 12

hypothalamohypophyseal tracts

Question 13

describe thyroid follicles

Answer 13

borders formed by simple cuboidal to low columnar cells, interior with colloid

Question 14

describe thyroid colloid

Answer 14

gel-like, contacts apical aspect of follicular cells, contains thyroglobulin

Question 15

what is thyroglobulin?

Answer 15

iodinated glycoprotein that is the storage form of thyroid hornomes

Question 16

what indicates increased activity of thyroid follicles?

Answer 16

increased height of follicular cells, stimulated by TSH

Question 17

what do follicular cells produce?

Answer 17

T3, T4

Question 18

describe parafollicular cells

Answer 18

“C cells”, pale-staining, not in contact with colloid, secrete calcitonin

Question 19

actions of calcitonin

Answer 19

lower serum Ca by decreasing osteoclast activity, promoting Ca deposition in bones, regulated directly by serum Ca levels

Question 20

consequence of aging on parathyroid gland

Answer 20

increased adipose tissue with age

Question 21

describe chief (principle) parathyroid cells

Answer 21

secrete PTH

acidophilic, central nuclei

Question 22

actions of PTH

Answer 22

increase serum Ca, decreased serum phosphate

Question 23

describe oxyphil cells

Answer 23

also in parathyroid, larger/round

Question 24

zona glomerulosa

Answer 24

outermost, oval clusters of columnar cells, secrete mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Question 25

zona fasiculata

Answer 25

middle, largest amount of cortical volume, long cords of polyhedral cells, secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 26

zona reticularis

Answer 26

innermost, smaller cells, secrete weak androgens (DHEA)

Question 27

origins of adrenal medulla

Answer 27

neural crest cells

Question 28

chromatin cells

Answer 28

large, pale cells in ovoid clusters | modified neurons that lack axons

Question 29

describe the central adrenomedullary vein

Answer 29

longitudinally oriented tunica media that provides synchronous contractions to "wring" medulla contents into circulation

Question 30

hormones responsible for fight or flight

Answer 30

catecholamines and glucocorticoids

Question 31

where are islets of langerhans more numerous?

Answer 31

tail of pancreas

Question 32

three cell types in islets

Answer 32

alpha- glucagon beta- insulin delta- somatostatin

Question 33

pineal gland origin

Answer 33

neuroectoderm

Question 34

what signals the photosensitive organ of the pineal gland?

Answer 34

retinohypothalamic tract

Question 35

what inhibits melatonin synthesis?

Answer 35

light

Question 36

corpora arenacea

Answer 36

"brain sand", calcified concretions of the pineal gland, can be used to orient when imaging

Question 37

describe pinealocytes

Answer 37

large nucleus (coffee bean), 1+ nuclei

Question 38

glial cells of pineal gland

Answer 38

small, dense nuclei

Question 39

regulatory hormones from hypothalamus

Answer 39

``` GHRH somatostatin dopamine CRH gnRH TRH ```

Question 40

action of dopamine on anterior pituitary

Answer 40

inhibits prolactin

Question 41

actions of TRH

Answer 41

stimulates TSH and PRL

Question 42

actions of CRH

Answer 42

stimulate ACTH and POMC

Question 43

actions of somatostatin

Answer 43

inhibit GH and insulin