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Histo block 4 > female reproductive > Flashcards

female reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

source of gametes in males/females

A

embryonic yolk sac

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2
Q

mesovarium

A

fold of peritoneum that attached the ovary to the broad ligament, vessels and nerves pass through

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3
Q

germinal epithelium

A

simple cuboidal over surface of ovaries, not involved in oogenesis

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4
Q

hormones produced by ovaries

A

estrogen- 2* sex cx
progesterone- secretory changes in endometrium
BOTH are involved in cyclical uterine changes

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5
Q

organization of the ovary

A

loosely organized into cortex and medulla

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6
Q

medulla of the ovary

A

loose CT, lymph, nerves, helicine aa and pampiniform plexus

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7
Q

cortex of ovary

A

follicles

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8
Q

describe “atresia”

A

follicles degenerate and are reabsorbed without having been expelled, can occur at any stage of development

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9
Q

3 follicle stages

A

primordial
growing (1/2)
mature (graafian)

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10
Q

describe primordial follicles

A

develop prenatally, oocyte is surrounded by a layer of squamous cells and basal lamina

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11
Q

2 stages of 1* follicles

A

unilaminar 1* follicle

multilaminar 1* follicle

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12
Q

describe unilaminar 1* follicle

A

follicular cells become cuboidal

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13
Q

describe multilaminar 1* follicle

A

2nd layer of cells added (in addition to follicular cells) called granulosa cells, zona pellucida and theca follicle present

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14
Q

zona pellucida

A

enlarged area between oocyte and follicular cells , stains acidophilic

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15
Q

connections between granulosa cells

A

gap junctions between granulosa cells, unlike testes, do not form blood-follicel barrier

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16
Q

2 parts of theca folliculi

A

theca interna

theca externa

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17
Q

role of theca interna

A

secreted androtenedione that is then taken up by granulosa cells and converted into estrogen

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18
Q

role of theca externa

A

CT, smooth mm and collagen

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19
Q

thickness of the granulosum layer at the end of the 1* follicle stage

A

5-6 layers

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20
Q

“antrum” of 2* follicles

A

fluid filled cavities form and coalesce to form a single antrum, contain liquor folliculi

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21
Q

liquor folliculi

A
  • hyaluronic acid, estrogen, progesterone

- from granulosa cells: FSH, EGF, IGF1 and Ca

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22
Q

cumulus oophorus

A

stalk of granulosa cells that extend into the antrum and connect to the follicle

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23
Q

corona radiata

A

cells that immediately surround the oocyte, have microvilli that penetrate the ZP and communicate with oocyte via gap junctions

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24
Q

oocyte maturation inhibitor

A

secreted by granulosa cells once oocyte is mature

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25
Q

what indicates the site of follicular eruption?

A

stigma

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26
Q

3 stimuli for ovulation

A
  • increase in follicle fluid and pressure
  • proteolysis of follicle wall
  • contraction of smooth mm of theca externa, triggered by prostaglandins
27
Q

what triggers rupture of follicle and oocyte release?

A

LH surge

28
Q

corpus luteum

A

remaining part of follicle after ovulation, temporary endocrine organ that secretes estrogen and progesterone

29
Q

fate of follicular granulosa cells after ovulation

A

become granulosa lutein cells that secrete progesterone in order to inhibit further ovulation

30
Q

fate of corpus luteum in absence of implantation

A

becomes “corpus luteum of menstruation” then regresses to corpus albicans

31
Q

4 parts of oviduct

A

intramural
isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum

32
Q

fimbria

A

fringed extensions of the infundibulum, coax the released ovum into tube

33
Q

3 layers of oviduct

A

mucosa, muscularis, serosa

34
Q

describe oviduct serosa

A

meothelium and mesosalpinx

35
Q

describe oviduct muscularis

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

36
Q

describe oviduct mucosa

A

peg cells and low cells

37
Q

what are peg cells?

A

simple columnar cells, increased # with progesterone

38
Q

what are low cells?

A

ciliated cells help to move egg toward uterus, increased # with estrogen

39
Q

where is the typical site of fertilization?

A

ampulla of oviduct

40
Q

describe capacitation

A

getting sperm ready for fertilization- remove glycocalyx, allows sperm to penetrate CR and attach to ZP, uterine secretions help with this

41
Q

describe acrosomal reaction

A

enzymes that allow sperm to enter ovum and fertilize are released

42
Q

3 ways to prevent polyspermy

A
  • depol- electrical barrier
  • Ca release- destruction of membrane receptors
  • zona reaction- proteins in ZP cross-link to prevent further sperm from entering egg
43
Q

stratum basale

A

portion of the endometrium that remains following menstruation, contains basal portions of uterine

44
Q

stratum functionale

A

portion of the endometrium that undergoes cyclical changes

45
Q

describe the proliferative (follicular) phase

A

stratum basale remains after menstruation, stimulation by estrogen- glands proliferate and epithelial cells cover glands, spiral arteries lengthen

46
Q

describe the secretory (luteal) phase

A

controlled by progesterone, stratum functional expands, glands enlarge and become cork-screw shaped and are filled with glycogen and other nutrients

47
Q

describe the menstrual phase

A

hormone secretions from the CL drop, causing changes in the stratum functionale, spiral aa contract to induce ishcemia, surface epithelium is sloughed off to level of stratum basale

48
Q

hormones in the follicular phase

A

FSH- days 1-8, stimulate granulosa and theca cells to secrete estrogen
LH- at the end of the follicular phase, stimulates progesterone secretion

49
Q

hormones in the luteal phase

A

theca and granulosa cells secrete estrogen, larges amounts of progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum

50
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

hcg maintains CL if fertilization occurs

51
Q

what is the histologically important feature of the cervix?

A

change from stratified squamous epi to mucus-secreting columnar epithelium at external os – site of metaplasia

52
Q

what is notable absent from the vagina?

A

glands and muscularis mucosa (can differentiate from the esophagus)

53
Q

epithelium of the vagina

A

stratified squamous parakeratinized (transitions from stratified squamous keratinized between labia major and labia minor)

54
Q

what accounts for the low pH of the vagina?

A

glycogen secreted by the vagina is metabolized by bacteria

55
Q

type of glands are mammary glands?

A

tubuloalveolar

56
Q

path of milk

A

tubuloalveolar glands–lobule–lactiferous duct – lactiferous sinus – (collect at nipple, but have opening to external environment)

57
Q

changes in mammary glands during pregnancy

A
  • infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • proliferation of alveoli
  • glands become fully differentiated and secrete milk
58
Q

describe PCOS

A

mature and 2* follicles fill ovaries, ova fail to upturn due to thick tunica albuginea, hormonal imbalance

59
Q

distinguishing feature of 2* follicles

A

antrum

60
Q

layers of the myometrium

A

poorly defined:
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

61
Q

what causes endometrial thickening in the proliferative phase?

A

estrogen

62
Q

what is the main influence of the secretory phase?

A

progesterone

63
Q

what is the mode of secretion of mammary glands?

A

apocrine

64
Q

differentiate between endometrial glands in the proliferative phase vs. secretory phase

A

proliferative- under control of estrogen, straight glands

secretory phase- under control of progesterone, corkscrew shaped glands

Histo block 4 (4 decks)

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