Endocrine

Question 1

What regulates sulfonylureas MOA?

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

What drugs can be used for a pregnant 2DM patient?

Answer 2

Insulin
Metformin
Sulfonylureas

Question 3

steroid hormones are?

Answer 3

Fat soluble 
No 2nd messenger 
Work via proteins 
Nuclear membrane receptor 
Affect DNA replication, transcription and translation

Question 4

Protein hormones are?

Answer 4

Water soluble
Cell membrane receptors
Work via 2nd messengers

Question 5

3 organs involved in RBC production

Answer 5

Bone marrow - synthesis
Lung - O2
Kidney - Epo

Question 6

What is spurious polycythemia in the elderly?

Answer 6

Gaisbock syndrome (loss of plasma volume)

Question 7

Signs for chronic hypoxia?

Answer 7

Mitochondria density increase in muscles
Angiogenesis
Clubbing

Question 8

What vitamin would you put Polycythemic patients on?

Answer 8

Folate (rapidly dividing cells)

Question 9

What are the treatments for polycythemia Vera?

Answer 9

Hydroxyurea
Drink more water (dilute blood)
Phlebotomy 
Allopurinol 
Folic acid 
Aspirin

Question 10

Ppl with hypertension die from what?

Answer 10

Stroke

AAA

Question 11

Treatment for Conn’s syndrome

Answer 11

Spirinolactone

Surgery - remove adrenals

Question 12

What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?

Answer 12

Hydrocortisone

Fludrocortisone

Question 13

Most common cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism in children?

Answer 13

21 hydroxylase deficiency

Question 14

What molecule acts just like Aldo?

Answer 14

11 DOC

Question 15

What is permissive hormone under stress?

Answer 15

Cortisol

Question 16

What is permissive hormone under normal conditions?

Answer 16

Thyroid hormone

Question 17

What are drugs used to treat hirsuitism

Answer 17

Finasteride
Dutestoride
Ketoconazole
Spironolactone

Question 18

Treatment for male patterned baldness?

Answer 18

Finasteride

Flutamide

Question 19

2 organs that undergo gluconeogenesis

Answer 19

Liver

Adrenal cortex

Question 20

5 places that store glycogen

Answer 20

Skeletal muscle 
Liver
Adrenal cortex 
Heart
Intestine wall

Question 21

What is the diagnoses of neuroblastoma/pheochromocytoma?

Answer 21

Urine increase in products of DA (VMA, metanephrine, HVA)

Question 22

Tx of pheochromocytoma/neuroblastoma?

Answer 22

Phenoxybenzamine

Surgery

Question 23

Drug to safely drop bp in hypertensive patient?

Answer 23

Phentolamine (alpha blocker)

Question 24

Pheochromocytoma rule of 10’s

Answer 24

10% malignant 
10% bilateral 
10% are in children 
10% are familial 
10% are metastatic at diagnoses

Question 25

Tissues that can absorb glucose w/o insulin?

Answer 25

``` Brain RBC Intestinal wall Cardiac/cornea Kidney Liver Exercising muscles ```

Question 26

What drug do you use on any tumor secreting hormones?

Answer 26

Octreotide (somatostatin analog)

Question 27

4 causes of watery (secretory) diarrheas?

Answer 27

VIPoma Vibrio cholera ETEC Cryptosporidium

Question 28

What drug decreases proteinuria in diabetics?

Answer 28

Ace Inhibitors

Question 29

What are 5 treatments for abdominal pathology?

Answer 29

``` NPO NG-tube IV-NS Meperidine Abdominal x-Ray ```

Question 30

What is a glp-1 analog that slows down gastric emptying?

Answer 30

Exanatide | Liraglutaride

Question 31

What is the tx for dumping syndrome?

Answer 31

Small meals

Question 32

What are 3 places where we find somatostatin?

Answer 32

Duodenum Hypoothalamus Pancreas

Question 33

How do we know if a diarrhea is secretory or osmotic?

Answer 33

Make the patient NPO

Question 34

What 3 areas is gastrin found?

Answer 34

Antrum of stomach (g cells) Pancreas Duodenum

Question 35

What is the only GI hormone whose 2nd messenger is ca2+?

Answer 35

Gastrin

Question 36

What embryologic structures give you glands? Muscles?

Answer 36

Pouches -> glands | Arches -> muscle

Question 37

3 x-linked dominant diseases?

Answer 37

Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency Vitamin D resistant rickets

Question 38

Analog for calcitonin?

Answer 38

Bisphosphonate

Question 39

Most common cause of 2nd hyper parathyroidism?

Answer 39

Kidney failure

Question 40

Hyper parathyroidism of malignancy is due to?

Answer 40

Cytokines which act like PTH

Question 41

What is the main controller of PTH?

Answer 41

S ca2+ in blood stream

Question 42

What is the tx of osteoporosis?

Answer 42

Estrogen -1st line | Bisphosphanate - 2nd line

Question 43

Tx for osteopeyrosis?

Answer 43

Steroids

Question 44

Where is ALP made?

Answer 44

Bone cells CBD Placenta Testes

Question 45

3 syndromes with marfanoid features?

Answer 45

Marfan's syndrome MEN 3 or 2b Homocysteinuria

Question 46

Signs for anti-cholinergic

Answer 46

Hot, dry skin and hyperthermia

Question 47

What does increased ICP cause?

Answer 47

Increased PRL, ADH

Question 48

What TX is used for prolactinomas

Answer 48

Bromocriptine | Carbigoline

Question 49

What are periods of rapid growth

Answer 49

0-2 4-7 Puberty