Endocrine

Question 1

What is the approx diameter of the fenestration vessels in the adrenal glands?

Answer 1

7 micrometers - just large enough to allow RBC through

Question 2

Where does the Medulla of the adrenal glands receive blood supply from internally?

Answer 2

First from the capillaries and sinusoids of cortex

Second from arterioles passing from the capsule to the medulla

Question 3

The neurosectrory cells of the medulla show a difference in colour staining to the rest, what is this called?

Answer 3

Vulpian reaction

Question 4

In the islets - what is the most common cell type at 70%?

Answer 4

Beta cells

Question 5

The blood supply through the pancreas passes through the endocrine then into exocrine cells - how does this influence exocrine?

Answer 5

The exocrine will receive relatively high concentrations of the hormones released. If hormones of insulin are high this then may influence the uptake/ synthesis of exocrine pancreatic enzymes.

Question 6

What used to synthesis the cholesterol into progesterone?

Answer 6

Pregnenolone

Question 7

Where are Chief cells found and what do they secrete?

Answer 7

Parathyroid

PTH

Question 8

What maintains the homeostasis of calcitonin?

Answer 8

PTH

Question 9

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

Answer 9

Parafolicular cells of the thyroid

Question 10

What controls the synthesis and break down of thyroglobulin?

Answer 10

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 11

Where does the thyroid develop from, and what type of tissue is it?

Answer 11

thyroglossal duct from the floor of the pharaynx

endodermal

Question 12

What organelle is thyroglobulin produced in?

Answer 12

R.E.R

Question 13

What are the cells that produce TSH and what do they stain?

Answer 13

Thyrotrophs - basophilic

Question 14

What are the acidophils of the pituitary?

Answer 14

Somatotrophs

Lactotrophs

Question 15

What are the basophilics of the pituitary?

Answer 15

Corticotroph

Gonadotrophs

Thyrotrophs

Question 16

What is the marker of thyroid downgrowth on the back of the tongue?

Answer 16

Foramen Caecum

Question 17

What is the name of the transporter that brings Iodide into the follicular cells?

Answer 17

Sodium Iodide symporter

Question 18

What are the hormones T3 and T4 secreted out the follicular cell by?

Answer 18

Mono-Carboxylate transporter

Question 19

What is the main transporter of thyroid hormones?

Answer 19

Thyroxine binding globulin

Question 20

Outline the hypothalamic pituitary axis:

Answer 20

hypothalamus: Thyroid releasing hormone

Thyrotropes: thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 21

What breaks down T4 into T3?

Answer 21

5’Deiodination by 1 deiodinase

Question 22

What receptor responds to Thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 22

Thyrotropin Receptor

Question 23

What does Ca2+ bind to in the enterocyte? and where it is stored?

Answer 23

Calbindin

In the rough E.R

Question 24

Why does there need to be adjustments for albumin when measuring Ca2+

Answer 24

Off the Ca2+ in the blood 47% of is in free ionised form.
However we can only measure the total Ca2+

therefore - if low albumin we need to take this into account as the level of free Ca2+ may not actually be down

Question 25

How does Vit D help with absorption of Ca2+?

Answer 25

Increases Calbindin and Ca2+/ATPase activity

Question 26

Why if a patient has low Mg2+ may it affect calcium levels?

Answer 26

Mg2+ is essential for normal PTH release. as such if calcium levels are low and PTH needs to be released it may not be correctly.

Question 27

What cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 27

Parafollicular cells

Question 28

What's the enzyme that converts 25OHD into 1,25OHD? and where is it found?

Answer 28

1-alpha hyroxylase. In the PCT of kidneys

Question 29

Where does the medulla of the adrenal gland develop from and what germ cell layer?

Answer 29

Neural crest cells Ectoderm

Question 30

Where does the cortex of the adrenal gland develop from?

Answer 30

Primitive mesothelium Mesoderm

Question 31

The capsule of the adrenal is surrounding by what?

Answer 31

Perinephric fat

Question 32

Whats unique the medullary vein in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 32

sporadic layering of smooth muscle

Question 33

What controls CRH?

Answer 33

Environmental factors: - stress - illness - time of day - morning its most

Question 34

The Steroid receptor family is made up of sub-units, what are they and what do they do?

Answer 34

A/B - control gene expression C - DNA binding D - Hinge points that control movement to the gene E - Ligand binding F - C terminal

Question 35

Does cortisol cause break down of glycogen?

Answer 35

No - it may even promote synthesis of it

Question 36

What does cortisol do to insulin?

Answer 36

Supresses its release

Question 37

What kind of receptor does ACTH bind to? and how does it work?

Answer 37

G -protein - promotes cAMP levels causing Ca2+ this up-regulates the enzymes needed for hormone production

Question 38

What receptor is Angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?

Answer 38

G - protein - increases Phospholipase C

Question 39

What kind of receptor is Thyroid stimulating receptor?

Answer 39

G - protein. Adenly cyclase cAMP levels

Question 40

Where are the islet cells more numerous in the pancreas?

Answer 40

Body and tail