Endocrine

Question 1

Glands of endocrine system

Answer 1

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal glands

Question 2

What does ADH do?

Answer 2

Regulate water and electrolytes by holding onto sodium

Question 3

Paracrine

Answer 3

Hormone produces action locally on other cells

Question 4

Autocrine

Answer 4

Produces action on the cells from which they were produced

Question 5

How is the hypothalamus activity regulated?

Answer 5

Through the negative feedback system

Question 6

How to get T3 and T4

Answer 6

Hypothalamus—TRH—pituitary—TSH— acts on thyroid gland—T3 and T4

Question 7

What is the master gland?

Answer 7

Pituitary gland

Question 8

Hypofuncfion

Answer 8

Congenital defect on gland/enzyme
Gland destroyed and caused inflammation, infection, autoimmune response
Receptor defect

Question 9

Hyper function

Answer 9

Excessive hormone production
Excess stimulation
Hyperplasia

Question 10

Primary disorder

Answer 10

Originate in the target gland for producing the hormone

Question 11

Secondary disorder

Answer 11

Target gland function is normal but altered by defective levels of stimulating or releasing hormones from pituitary gland

Question 12

Tertiary disorder

Answer 12

Results from hypothalamic dysfunction- both pituitary and target glands are under stimulated

Question 13

Hyperpituitarism cause

Answer 13

Typically pituitary adenoma

Question 14

Adenoma

Answer 14

Benign tumor from anterior pituitary

Question 15

Hypopituitarism

Answer 15

Decreased secretion of pituitary hormones causing hypofunctiom

Question 16

Idiopathic short stature

Answer 16

Normal variant of short statue with unknown cause

Question 17

Psychosocial dwarfism

Answer 17

Functional hypopituitarism
Seen in emotionally deprived children
Poor eating, drinking habits
Potbelly

Question 18

Classic GH deficiency

Answer 18

Normal intelligence, short stature, obesity with premature facial features, puberty often delayed
Treatment: human GH

Question 19

Gigantism

Answer 19

GH excess before puberty

Question 20

Acromegaly

Answer 20

GH excess in adulthood

Question 21

Hypothyroidism

Answer 21

Slowing down of metabolic process

Question 22

Hypothyroidism manifestations

Answer 22

Gradual onset of generalized weakness, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, brittle hair, puffy face

Question 23

Hypothyroidism diagnosis

Answer 23

Elevated TSH and low T4

Question 24

Thyroid storm cause

Answer 24

Causes when hyperthyroid is not treaded properly—from stress, infection, DKA

Question 25

Thyroid storm manifestation

Answer 25

Very high fever Tachycardia Angina

Question 26

Thyroid storm treatment

Answer 26

Should be rapid, cooling without shiver response fluids, glucose, steroids

Question 27

Myxedema

Answer 27

No pitting edema (especially face)

Question 28

Hyperthyroidism causes

Answer 28

High levels of T3 and T4 | Hyperactive thyroid gland

Question 29

Hyperthyroidism manifestations

Answer 29

Nervous, irritability, weight loss, tachycardia, excessive sweating l, heat intolerance

Question 30

Addison’s disease

Answer 30

(Rare) adrenal cortical hormone is deficient cause inflammation causing ACTH Elevation

Question 31

Addison’s disease manifestations

Answer 31

Urinary loss of sodium, chloride, water | Hyperkalemia

Question 32

Cushing syndrome use, manifesstation

Answer 32

Hypercortisolism Protruding abdomen Sub clavicular fat pass Moon face

Question 33

Type I diabetes

Answer 33

Beta cell destruction (absolute insulin deficiency) Rapid onset Weight loss

Question 34

Type II diabetes

Answer 34

Insulin resistance, relative insulin Deficiency Gradual Genetic, behavior, environmental Overweight

Question 35

Gestational diabetes

Answer 35

Secondary to other conditions, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pancreatitis, medications

Question 36

Flashing glucose levels

Answer 36

Fasting for 8hrs and taking glucose levels | <100

Question 37

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 37

Measures body ability to remove glucose from body within 2 beds after consuming 75 g glucose with 300 mL of water 140-200 mg/dL

Question 38

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 38

Measures average blood Glucose level in the last 100 days | >6.5

Question 39

Diabetes symptoms

Answer 39

Política Polyphagia Polydyspia

Question 40

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 40

Hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis | Cute life-threatening complication of uncontrolled DM

Question 41

Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms

Answer 41

Lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, fruity breath | Dehydrated

Question 42

Hypoglycemia side effect

Answer 42

Rapid onset-anxiety, tremors, tachycardia, cool clammy skin

Question 43

Somogyi effect

Answer 43

Hypoglycemia from 2-4 am | Decrease insulin at bedtime

Question 44

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 44

Hyperglycemia when waking up Headache, sweats, nightmares Increase insulin at bedtime

Question 45

Ketoacidosis

Answer 45

Inadequate amounts of insulin sugars can’t be metabolized and fat catabolism occurs Extreme thirst. Polaris, rapid pulse, hypertension