Lecture 4 Cancer

Question 1

What do Cancer cells do in the cell cycle?

Answer 1

Cancer cells do not undergo checkpoints and do not undergo apoptosis

Question 2

What happens when cancer cells proliferate?

Answer 2

The accumulate on top, around, and beside each other and break free and travel to distant body sites through lymphatic system

Question 3

What happens when you age?

Answer 3

With age the strength of immune system diminishes and tumor development becomes easier

Question 4

Differentiation

Answer 4

The extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally

Question 5

Anaplasia

Answer 5

Lack of differentiation, lab or al cell appearance, cell dysfunction

Question 6

Benign tumors

Answer 6

•Well differentiated
progressive, slow growth 
•cohesive cells, well demarcated, 
•non invasive 
•no metastasis

Question 7

Malignant tumors

Answer 7

• Poorly differentiated
• doesn’t resemble tissue origin
• erratic rate of growth
• Invasive and infiltrating
• Frequent metastasis

Question 8

Stages of malignant tumors

Answer 8

Stage I is smallest

Stave IV is most metastasized

Question 9

TNM system

Answer 9

T-tumor size
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastasis

Question 10

Lymph

Answer 10

Clear fluid that travels through body arteries and circulated through tissues to cleanse and drain through lymphatic system

Question 11

Lymph nodes

Answer 11

Filters and trap bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, to make sure the eliminate the body

Question 12

What not is significant to breast cancer

Answer 12

Lymph node

Question 13

Metastasis

Answer 13

Break free to travel to distant sites

Question 14

Carcinoma

Answer 14

Suffix signifies cancer of epithelial cells

Question 15

Sarcoma

Answer 15

Signifies malignancy in fatty tissue, muscle, or bone

Question 16

What are the 2 major classes of cancer genes

Answer 16

Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

Question 17

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 17

Normally function to restrain cell growth

Ex: p53 gene controls apoptosis

Question 18

Proliferation

Answer 18

Process of cell division cause instead of cells

Question 19

Photo-oncogenes

Answer 19

Genes that stimulate and regulate a cells movement throughout the cell cycle resulting in cellular growth and proliferation

Question 20

Oncogene

Answer 20

Gene that has potential to cause cancer through causing cells to survive and proliferate
often mutates or expressed at high levels

Question 21

Types of HPV

Answer 21

• High risk type= persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer
• low risk= condylomata (genital warts) but not cervical cancer
• almost 100% of cervical cancer cases test + for HPV

Question 22

Liver cancer

Answer 22

Also known as Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) one of most common tumors and 3rd most frequent cause of cancer mortality

Question 23

Sentinel node

Answer 23

Initial lymph node where the primary tumor drains

Question 24

Angiogenesis

Answer 24

Ability to develop new blood vessels

Question 25

Tumor angiogenesis factor

Answer 25

Protein in cancer tissue that stimulates growth of new capillaries to supply tumor with nutrients and remove waste products

Question 26

Seeding

Answer 26

Tumor breaks off and watched to new organ or cavity wall

Question 27

What is important when choosing proper treatment?

Answer 27

Knowing the origin and type of cell

Question 28

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 28

Unexpected pathological disorder from cancer | Secretion of endocrine hormones

Question 29

Cachexia

Answer 29

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass of patients with cancer

Question 30

What should nurses for with patients with Cachexia?

Answer 30

Small frequent meals with high protein and fat

Question 31

Tumor cell markers

Answer 31

Products of cancer cells that you monitor while in treatment (decrease levels=successful treatment) Normally found during fetal development

Question 32

Carcinogenesis

Answer 32

Oncogenesis or tumorigenesis | Actual formation of cancer

Question 33

Oncogenesis

Answer 33

Mutations that occur in gametes passed to successive general elections

Question 34

Early warning signed of cancer

Answer 34

* Change in bowel or bladder habits * A lesion that doesn’t heal * unusual bleeding or discharge * Thickening or lump noted * indigestion or difficulty swallowing * Obvious changes in a wart or mole * nagging cough or persistent hoarseness

Question 35

Manifestations of cancer

Answer 35

``` Altered function obstruction effusion hemorrhage anemia ulceration, necrosis,infection vascular thrombosis pain Cachexia inappropriate production of hormones Hyperkalcemia ```

Question 36

Standard concert treatment

Answer 36

* Surgery * chemotherapy * radiation * hormone therapy * immunotherapy

Question 37

Pluripotent cells

Answer 37

Stem cells that can become any tissue in the body excluding a placenta

Question 38

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 38

Cells taken from embryo in blastocyst stage because they have the potential to become any new organ Now can be created in lab from adult cells