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Chiro Essentials Physiology > Endocrine and Immunity Review > Flashcards

Endocrine and Immunity Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The pituitary gland is in a negative feedback loop with what structure?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary is also called the?

A

Adenohypophysis

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3
Q

Basophilic cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete which hormones?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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4
Q

Acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) secrete which hormones?

A

GH, prolactin

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5
Q

FSH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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6
Q

LH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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7
Q

ACTH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Corticotropin releasing homone

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8
Q

TSH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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9
Q

GH is released from the anterior pituitary with stimulation from what hormone?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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10
Q

FSH function

A

Stimulates follicles in ovaries to produce etrogen and sertoli cells for spermatogenesis

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11
Q

LH function

A

Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the ovary, and interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis to produce testosterone

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12
Q

ACTH function

A

Governs synthesis of cortisol and pregnenolone in adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Increases in ACTH are seen in what pathology?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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14
Q

TSH functions

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine

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15
Q

Increases in thyroxine leads to what pathology? Decreases?

A

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Hypothyroidism (myxedema)

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16
Q

GH funtions

A

Stimulates bone and tissue growth through somatomedins A-C

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17
Q

Increases in GH lead to what pathology? Decreases?

A

Gigantism/acromegaly

Pituitary dwarfism

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18
Q

Prolactin release is affected by what hormones?

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (dopamine), and TRH

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19
Q

Prolactin functions

A

Breast development and milk production

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20
Q

The posterior pituitary lobe is also called?

A

Neurohypophysis

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21
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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22
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by?

A

Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus

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23
Q

Oxytocin functions

A

Stimulates contraction of uterine muscle and myoepithelial cells in breast milk ejection and maternal bonding

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24
Q

How is oxytocin released?

A

Nipple stimulation

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25
ADH is secreted by?
Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
26
Function of ADH?
Prevents water from being excreted in urine (diuresis)
27
What stimulates ADH release?
Water deprivation
28
Lack of ADH leads to what?
Diabetes insipidus - polyuria/polydypsia
29
The pars intermedia of the pituitary secretes what hormone?
Melanin stimulating hormone
30
Melanin stimulating hormone function?
Production of melanin by melanocytes in skin
31
MSH is produced from what precursor?
Pro-opio-melano-cortin
32
Under the stimulation of TSH, iodine combines with tyrosine and binds to thyroglobulin to form?
Mono-iodo-tyrosine
33
2 molecules of mono-iodo-tyrosine form?
Di-iodo-tyrosine
34
2 molecules of di-iodo tyrosine form?
T4
35
1 di-iodo-tyrosine + 1 mono forms?
T3 (active)
36
Graves disease symptoms?
Exopthalmos, weight loss, tremors
37
Symptoms of hypothyroidism in children? Adults?
Cretinism | Myxedema - weight gain, coarse hair, decreased metabolism
38
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid secrete what hormone?
Calcitonin
39
Calcitonin function
Puts calcium back in the bones, minor role in calcium metabolism
40
PTH is secreted by which cell in the parathyroid glands?
Chief cells
41
PTH functions?
Takes calcium from bone and puts it into blood, increases calcium reabsorption in kidney by acting on receptors in cells in distal convoluted tubules, increase calcium absorption in gut
42
Hypocalcemia causes and symptoms?
Hypoparathyroidism | Tetany, muscle spasm
43
Hypercalcemia causes and symptoms?
Hyperparathyroidism | Weakness
44
Three layers of adrenal cortex from superficial to deep? What do they secrete?
Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone Zona fasiculata - cortisol Zona reticularis - pregnenolone
45
Aldosterone function:
Regulate Na+ reabsorption from distal convoluted tubule --> water retention and increase blood pressure
46
Aldosterone is under the influence of what hormone?
Renin
47
Excess aldosterone is seen in what pathology and causes what symptoms?
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) - high Na+, hypertension, low K+
48
Cortisol regulates the metabolism of fat, CHO, proteins how?
Increase lipogenesis via adipocyte lipoprotein lipase increase glycogenesis by + glycogen synthetase increase gluoconeogenesis via increased protein breakdown
49
Cortisol increases or decreases bone formation?
Decreases resulting in osteoporosis by increasing osteoclastic activity
50
Does cortisol enhance or suppres inflammation?
Suppress via inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity
51
Pregnenolone secreted by the zona reticularis changes into what hormone from which estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are derived?
Androsteinone
52
Destruction of the adenal cortex causes what pathology? What symptoms?
Addison's disease | Weight loss, low blood pressure, bronzing of skin
53
What is the innervation of the adrenal medulla?
Preganglionic sympathetic splanchnic fibers through the celiac ganglion
54
Nor-epinephrine is produced from? Derived from?
Tyrosine | Phenylalanine
55
How is norepinephrine removed?
Reuptake @synaptic cleft, destroyed by mono-amine oxidase inhibitors
56
Increased secretion of norepinephrine seen in pheocromocytoma causes what?
Perspiration, heart palpitations, paroxysms of hypertension and pressure headaches
57
Where are the endocrine cells found in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
58
Insulin is secreted by what type of cell in the pancreas?
Beta cells
59
Where is are the different GLUT transporters found?
1: erythrocytes and brain 2: liver and beta islet cells 3: neurons 4: skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
60
Decreased insulin secretios condition and symptoms?
Diabetes Mellitus | Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, pruritus
61
Glucagon is secreted by what cells in the pancreas?
Alpha cells
62
Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low or high?
Low
63
Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the pancreas?
Delta cells
64
Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the stomach?
D cells
65
Somatostatin is secreted by which cells in the hypothalamus?
D cells
66
Somatostatin AKA Growth hormone inhibitory hormone inhibit which hormones?
GH, renin, insulin, gastrin, glucagon
67
Innate immunity barriers
Skin, GI, repiratory tract, genitourinary epithelium (mechanical) Acid pH in stomach and vagina (Chemical)
68
Innate immunity complement system
Opsonization: opsonins to bacteria, phagocytic cells attach (C3b and C4b) Inflammation: activation of mast cells in anaphylaxis (C3a, C4a, C5a) Lysis: formation of membrane attack complex (C5b6789( Chemotaxis: attract specific white blood cells to area of damage (C5a) Agglutination: change surface of invading bacteria make them sticky Neutralization: toxic sites on surface of antigen
69
Acquired immunity involves the production of what from lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens/haptens?
Antibodie
70
Acquired immunity subtypes (2):
Humoral (antibody) | Cell-mediated (No antibodies)
71
Immunologically privileged tissues?
Brain, eye, testis, fetus
72
B lymphocytes are involved in which acquired immunity and what do they do?
Humoral immunity - make antibodies in form of immunoglobulins
73
T lymphocytes are involved in which acquired immunity and what do they do?
Cell-mediated immunity CD8 become cytotoxic activated by LAK CD4 become helper Th1 activate macrophages, Th2 help B cells make antibodies Suppressor T lymphocytes inhibit lymphocytic function
74
Antibodies belong to a class of proteins called ________ in the shape of a Y?
Immunoglobulins
75
The tail of the Y of an antibody is called the __? and determines the type of immunoglobulin
Fc
76
``` Tell me about the different antibodies: IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE ```
IgG: monomer, smallest, 2o response, most abundant, compliment fixation, X placenta for passive immunity, promotes phagocytosis and cell lysis IgA: Dimer, larger, in saliva, tears, breast milk, most abundantly produced IgM: Pentamer, LARGEST, 1o response, 1st in fetus, promotes agglutination, phagocytosis, cell lysis IgD: monomer, smaller, activates basophils and mat cells, surface antibody on B lymphocytes IgE: monomer, smaller, Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn, parasitic disease
77
Cell-mediated immunity is important for fighting what types of infections and cells?
Viral and fungal infection, potential cancer cells
78
Does cell-mediated immunity or humoral immunity persist longer in the body?
Cell-mediated
79
Natural active immunity:
immunity involves the production of antibodies after an infection
80
Natural passive immunity:
Immunity occurs when the antibodies are produced in the mother and are transferred at birth to the infant
81
Artificial active immunity:
The antibody produced is induced by immunizations
82
Artificial passive immunity:
Antibodies are produced elsewhere and injected into/transferred to the patient
83
Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction:
Anaphylactic: antigen reacts with IgE causing mast cells to release histamine, heparin, as seen in allergies and asthma
84
Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction:
Cytotoxic: IgG, IgM, destroys cells (erythroblastosis fetalis, acute transfusion rection, pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, rheumatic fever)
85
Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction:
Immune complex: IgG mediated-immune complex deposits trigger inflammation as seen in serum sickness, SLE, RA, post-strep glomerulonephritis and farmer's lung
86
Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction:
Delayed hypersensitivity: T cell mediated (Mantoux test for TB, touch poison ivy contact dermatitis, chronic transplant rejection, Type 1 diabetes mellitus), no antibodies are produced
87
MHC class 1:
Antigens on all nucleated cells, recognized by CD8 cells
88
MHC class 2:
Found on antigen-presenting cells lik macrophages and dendritic cells, recognized by CD 4 cells

Chiro Essentials Physiology (5 decks)

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