Neurophysiology and Renal Review Flashcards by Brenna Gray

Define:
Transduction:
Transmission:
Perception:
Interpretation:
Modulation:

Transduction: process whereby energy and forces acting on the body are converted into nerve impulses @nerve endings
Transmission: process whereby information is carried from receptor to the brain
Perception: process of experiencing a particular stimulus
Interpretation: process of assigning a specific meaning to a stimulus
Modulation: process in which the sensation is dampened or modified

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Myelin comes from what cells in the PNS? CNS?

Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

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In the resting state of a neuron is there more K+ inside or outside of the cell?

Inside

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Describe the action potential

Na+ channels open to allow Na+ inside to depolarize membrane when peak is reached Na+ channels close, K+ channels open and after hyperpolarization ion channels return to resting state

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Resting Membrane polarity in a neuron

-90 mV

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Absolute refractory period

When membrane will not respond to further stimulus during depolarization

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Relative refractory period

When membrane repolarizes it is difficult to depolarize but can with a strong stimulus

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What are nodes of Ranvier?

Parts along the axon devoid of myelin

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Hypercalcemia effect of transmission of action potential

Inhibits transmission by preventing opening of sodium gates during depolarization

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Hypocalcemia effect of transmission of action potential

Makes nerve more irritable (Chvostek sign)

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Ruffini endings:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group 1
Deep subcutaneous tissue
Joint position sens

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Muscle spindles:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group Ia
in muscle
Detect changes in length of muscle

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Golgi Tendon Organs:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group Ib
Tendons/Joints
Detect load/tension

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Pacinian Corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group II
Deep subcutaneous tissue and joints
Vibration

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Meissner’s corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group II
Dermal papillae
2-pt touch discrimination

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Krause’s corpuscles:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group II
in dermis and cornea
Fine touch

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Merkel cells:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group II
Epidermis
Crude touch and pressure

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Naked nerve endings:
Group
Location?
Function?

Group III and IV
Skin and joints
Pain and temperature

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CNS neurotransmitters that are excitatory? Inhibitory?

Excitatory: Glutamine, serotonin, ACh, Norepinephrine, dopamine
Inhibitory: GABA and glycine

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PNS neurotransmitters?

ACH @neuromuscular junction, norepinephrine and Ch in ANS

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where are cholinergic receptors found in the ANS and what type?

Neuromuscular junction - nicotinic

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings - muscarinic

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Adrenergic receptors in ANS, location and function:
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 3

Alpha 1: smooth muscle in blood vessels, gut, sphincters, skin - constriction
Alpha 2: Islets of Langerhan’s - decrease insulin secetion
Beta 1: Cardiac muscle - increase rate and force and in kidney
Beta 2: Smooth muscle in bronchi, coronary vessels, skeletal muscle - dilation
Beta 3: In brown fat - increase lipolysis

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A fiber nociceptors

Detect mechanical, cold and heat

Fast conduction, well-localized, sharp, pricking pain

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C fibers

Somatic and visceral tissue, activated by thermal, chemical, mechanical stimuli with receptors for bradykinin, prostaglandin E2, serotonin, histamine, interleukin and TNF, slow conducting, poorly localized burning or dull aching pain

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A alpha fibers diameter, speed, function, adaptation

12-20 um, 70-120 m/s, motor to skeletal muscle, slow

A beta fibers, group diameter, speed, function, adaptation

II, 5-12 um, 40-70 m/s, fine touch, vibration, proprioception, slow

A y fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

Ia, 3-6 um, 10-50 m/s, muscle spindles, slow

A gamma fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

III, 2-5 um, 6-30 m/s, fast pain, temperature, touch, RAPID

B fibers diameter, speed, function, adaptation

1-3 um, 3-5 m/s, preganglionic autonomic fibers, slow

c fibers, group, diameter, speed, function, adaptation

IV, 0.5-1 um, 3 m/s, postganglionic fibers; slow pain, SLOW

``` Mechanorecepors in joints - sensitive to? Rate of adaptation? Appearance? I II III IV ```

I: stretch, slow adapting, look like ruffini endings II: vibration and pressure, rapidly adapting, look like pacinian corpuscle III: stretch, slow adapting, look like GTO IV: stretch and pain, slow and rapid adapting, free nerve endings

Main functions of the kidney?

Waste excretion, electrolyte balance, BP control, acid base balance

What makes up the nephron?

Glomerulus, two convoluted tubule, loop of Henle

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

EPO and renin

At rest how much of the cardiac output goes to the kidney?

20% or 1L/min

At rest what is the renal plasma flow?

60% or 600 mL/min

What epithelium lines the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus?

Simple squamous epithelium

What epithelium lined the proximal convoluted tubule?

Cuboidal cells

``` Forces involved in glomerular filtration: Hydrostatic +60 mmHg pushes what? Oncotic -32 mmHg pulls what? Bowman's capsule -18 mmHg pushes what? Resulting in a positive net pressure of? ```

Water out of capillary Water into capillary Water into capillary 10 mmHg

T/F Pores in capillary membrane, slits between pedicles of podocytes in Bowman's capsule and specialized positively charged basement membrane sandwiched in between allows free passage of small molecules and repulsion of negatively charged proteins

F NEGATIVELY charged basement membrane

Glucose is reabsorbed actively by what part of the nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

180 mg/dL

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what?

100% filtered amino acids and glucose, 80% bicarb and phosphate, 60-70% Na+, K+ Ca2+, 50% H2O and urea

The thin descending part of the loop of Henle is permeable to what? Impermeable to what?

H2O | Urea

How does the thin descending part of the loop of Henle concentrate urine?

Trap Na+ and Cl- and moves water out of descending limb

The thick ascending part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to what?

H2O

The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs?

Na+, Cl-, H2O, Ca2+

Aldosterone acts on what cells in the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule? What does it do?

Principal | Na+ resorption in exchange for H+ and K+ secretion via Na/K-ATPase pump

PTH does what in the distal convoluted tubule?

Convert 25 hydroxycholecalciferol to 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form Vit D)

Vitamin D does what in the distal convoluted tubule?

Facilitate Ca2+ resorption and PO4 secretion

ADH acts on receptors in what part of the nephron?

collecting duct

ADH does what in the collecting duct?

Increase water permeability by acting on aquaporins which allow more water to be reabsorbed preventing diureis

EPO is produced by what cell in the kidney? Produced in response to what conditions? What does it do?

Interstitial cells in the cortex Hypoxic Acts on myeloid tissue in bone marrow and increase production of RBC

Renin is produced by what in the kidney? In response to what condition?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus | Drop in BP

Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Drop in renal blood flow decreases NaCl in macula densa in the distal convoluted tubule near afferent and efferent arterioles of glomerulus and sensitive to sodium concentration triggering dilation of terminal part of afferent arteriole and secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus modified smooth muscle cells in walls of afferent arteriole proximal to glomerulus and renin is a proteolytc enzyme causing angiotensinogen to be secreted by the liver and converted to angiotensin I to angiotensin II by ACE in lung which vasoconstricts and elevated BP and releases aldosterone causing Na+ reabsorption and water to increase in blood volume which increases venous return which increases cardiac output which increases blood pressure

ADH/vasopressin is secreted from where? From stimulation of what? Acts on what cells/where in the kidney? Function?

Supra-optic nucleus in hypothalamus Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus Principal cells of collecting ducts Water permeability increases --> reabsorption of water and decreased diuresis

AND is produced by? Causes?

Stretched atrial myocardial fibers Decreased Na+ reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule increases urine production and relaxes vascular smooth muscle causing decreased peripheral resistance

Volatile acid is produced when?

CO2 reacts w/H2O to form carbonic acid H2CO3

Non-volatile acids?

Sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, ketoacids

What bases buffer excess acid in the body?

HCO3, PO4, hemoglobin

How does the kidney excrete excess H+?

ammonium NH4+

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic acidosis?

Lungs blow off CO2 and H2O through hyperventilation

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory acidosis?

Kidneys excrete excess H+ or increase HCO3- reabsorption

Compensatory mechanisms for metabolic alkalosis?

Lungs decrease excretion of CO2 through hypoventilation

Compensatory mechanisms for respiratory alkalosis?

kidneys decrease H+ excretion and HCO3- reabsorption

Normal ranges of PCO2? HCO3-?

35-45 mmHg | 22-26 mmol/L

COPD and CHF cause CO2 retention and what type of acidosis?

Respiratory

Prolonged diarrhea causes what type of acidosis?

Metabolic

Aspirin overdose causes what acidosis? alkalosis?

Metabolic --> hyperventilation --> respiratory alkalosis

Excessive vomiting causes what alkalosis?

Metabolic

Conn's disease causes what type of alkalosis?

Metabolic

Neurophysiology and Renal Review Flashcards

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