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Chiro Essentials Physiology > Reproductive and Respiratory Review > Flashcards

Reproductive and Respiratory Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Spermatoza are produced where? Stimulated by what hormone secreted by what cells?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Testosterone - Interstitial cells of Leydig

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2
Q

Testosterone is secreted in response to what hormone?

A

Lutenizing hormone

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3
Q

Where are sertoli cells found?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Sustentacular cells of Sertoli are under the influence of what hormone?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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5
Q

Does a higher temperature increase or decrease spermatogenesis?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

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7
Q

What do sperm feed on produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

Fructose

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8
Q

What is capacitation? What membrane protein helps with penetration of the egg? What helps capacitation occur in the female genital tract?

A

Transforming sperm to have the capacity to penetrate the corona radiata of the ovum
Hyaluronidase
Low pH and acid from lactobacilli

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9
Q

How many oocytes are present at birth? How many become secondary oocytes?

A

> 2 million

400-500

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10
Q

The reproductive period is under the stimulation of what hormone? Via a negative feedback loop with what hormone?

A

FSH

Estrogen

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11
Q

The empty follicle becomes what after ovulation? Via what hormone in a negative feedback loop with what hormone?

A

Corpus luteum
LH
Progesterone

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12
Q

How long does the sperm and the ovum live in the female?

A

Ovum 24 hrs

Sperm 48 hrs

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13
Q

Describe the proliferative or follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

After menstruation residual basal layer of endometrium regenerates via estrogen influence from the ovarian follicles under stimulation of FSH

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14
Q

Describe the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Day 14 from 1st day of menstruation Graafian follicle matures and migrates to periphery of ovary to release ovum covered by layer of follicular cells under stimulation of pre-ovulatory surge of LH associated w/0.5-1oF rise in temperature to progesterone

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15
Q

Describe the secretory or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Empty ovarian follicles become corpus luteum which secrete estrogen and begin to secrete progesterone under stimulation of LH which regenerates uterine endometrium to become secretory in anticipation of implantation of fertilized ovum

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16
Q

Describe the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

If no fertilization ~day 26 corpus luteum dies (albicans) and level of progesterone drops causing spiral arteries to spasm leading to ischemia and death of endometrium which is shed as menstrual blood

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17
Q

Most common part where fertilization occurs?

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

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18
Q

The zygote travel down and develops into the morula at what day? Blastocyst?

A

Day 3

Day 5

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19
Q

What day does implantation occur and where is most common?

A

Day 7

Posterior aspec of upper part of uterine cavity

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20
Q

The embryoblast develops an inner cell mass which becomes the embryo and differentiates into an outer lyer which becomes the? Innr layer becomes the? The layer between becomes the?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

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21
Q

The outer cell mass of the embryoblast becomes?

A

The Trophoblast

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22
Q

The outer layer of the outer cell mass on implantation becomes the? Which secretes what? Which has what function?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast - BHCG - maintains hormonal activity of corpus luteum during early tages of pregnancy

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23
Q

The synctiotrophoblast erodes endometrial cells allowing maternal blood to seep in and out of what ?

A

Vascular lacunae

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24
Q

The inner cell layer on implantation becomes what? Which develops cellular projection to form? Which develop into?

A

Cytotrophoblast - chorionic villi - placenta

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25
``` The placenta secretes different hormones which do what? Estrogen Progesterone Relaxin Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin ```
Estrogen: uterine growth, increased uterine vascularity, proliferation of ducts in the mammary gland Progesterone: prepares endometrium for implantation, inhibits uterine contraction, T lymphocyte mediated activity, preps breast acini for lactation Relaxin: relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens cervix at time of delivery Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin: partial developement of breast, decreases insulin sensitivity, promotes growth of protein tissue
26
Milk synthesis is dependent on what hormones?
Prolactin, cortisol, insulin
27
Function of oxytocin in lactation?
From posterior pituitary lobe from stim of nipple causing myoepithelial cells to contract causing milk let-down reflex
28
Ventilation deals with the volume of gas delivered by the lungs. Describe Boyle's law Charles' law
Boyle's: temperature is constant volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to Pressure Charles': when presure is constant, volume of fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature
29
Perfusion
Amount of blood delivered by heart to lungs
30
Diffusion deals with amount of gas that passes through the air-blood barrier. The air-blood barrier is made of?
capillary endothelium, basement membrane, Type I pneumocytes
31
What cells produce surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes
32
Where are Type II pneumocytes found?
Alveoli
33
The rate of diffusion is governed by Fick's law which is?
Diffusion through a membrane is inversely proportional to the thickness of a membrane
34
The ventilation/perfusion ratio
4L/5L pulmonary blood flow = 0.8
35
Va/Q is highest where? Lowest?
``` Apex = 3 Base = 0.6 ```
36
Ventilation is highest where? Perfusion is greatest where?
Apex-wasted ventilation | Base-wasted perfusion
37
97% of the oxygen in blood is carried by?
Hemoglobin
38
Describe the make up of hemoglobin
2a and 2B subunites held by covalent bonds | each subunit has a heme groub binding oxgen
39
Describe the O2 dissociation curve
Simoid in shape
40
What are the four factors that cause a shift to the right in the O2 dissociation curve?
acidosis (decreased pH) CO2 increae Temperature increase 2,3-DPG
41
Oxygen-Bohr effect
Increased CO2 and decreaed pH cause oxyhemoglobin to release
42
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved in plasma
43
Chloride shift
bicarb produced is transported from RBC into plasma and Cl- is brought into the cell
44
Haldane effect
High levels of O2 in lungs displace CO2 from binding on hemoglobin
45
Does hemoglobin have a higher affinity for CO or O2?
CO
46
Normal arterial pCO2?
40 mmHg
47
What gas is the major determinant of breathing?
CO2
48
What area in the brain stem affect depth of breathing?
Dorsal (inspiratory) and ventral (expiratory) centers in medulla
49
What area in the brain stem being stimulated results in shallow and rapid respirations?
Pneumotaxic center in upper pons inhibits inspiratory center --> decrease depth of inspiration
50
Which area of the brain stem increases duration of diaphragmatic contraction and decreases the rate of breathing?
Apneustic center in the lower pons stimulates inspiratory center
51
Can CO2 freely cross the BBB and enter the CSF?
Yesj
52
How does the medulla know if there is too much CO2 in the blood?
CO2 diffuses into CSF and combines with H2O to form H2CO3 which dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-
53
Where are chemoreceptors located?
In carotid body and adjacent to aortic arch
54
Chemoreceptors are stimulated by?
First decreased PaO2 <60 mmHg then decreased arterial pH and raised PaCO2
55
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Period of rapid breathing with increasing then decreasing tidal volume followed by a period of apnea as seen in CHF
56
Kussmaul breathing
Deep rapid regular breathing (air hunger) as seen in diabetic ketoacidosis
57
Biot's respiration
Bouts of irregularly breathing and apnea as seen in brainstem compression
58
Hering-Breur reflex
Stretch receptors in smooth muscle in the airways with afferents via vagus and efferents via phrenic nerve limit over inflation of the lung
59
Lung compliance is a measure of?
lungs and chest wall to distend or expand | Change in lung volume caused by a given change in respiratory pressure C=V/P
60
What influences lung compliance?
Elastic fibers, water content, surfactant in lungs Inversely related to amount of elastic tissue Directly proportional to force needed to expand chest
61
In emphysema the loss of elasticity increases or decreases lung compliance?
Increases lung compliance as lungs over-expand
62
Pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, pulmonary edema increase or decrease lung compliance?
Decrease
63
Ankylosing spondylitis increases or decreases the ability of the chest wall to expand?
Decrease
64
Kyphoscoliosis will increase or decrease the ability of the chest wall to expand?
Decrease
65
``` Lung volume, describe, number in mL/% Total lung capacity Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Vital capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Forced expiratory volume ```
Total lung capacity: total volume held in lungs, 5800 mL Inspiratory reserve volume: volume inspired above tidal volume - 3000 mL Expiratory reserve volume: volume expired after normal breath - 1100 mL Residual volume: lung volume left after maximal expiration - 1200 mL Vital capacity: volume expired after maximal inspiration 4600 mL Tidal volume: volume of a normal breath 500 mL Inspiratory capacity: 3500 mL Functional residual capacity: air left in lungs after normal expiration 3300mL Forced expiratory volume: volume expired after 1s/FVC 80%
66
What volumes do you add together to get the inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
67
What volumes do you add together to get the functional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
68
The vital capacity is made of what volumes?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
69
The total lung capacity can be calculated with which volumes?
Vital capacity and residual volume

Chiro Essentials Physiology (5 decks)

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