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Medsci142 > Endocrine & Autocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine & Autocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the pre-ganglionic nerve axons of both the SNS & PSNS?

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

What kind of hormone uses a secondary messenger?

A

Water soluble hormones

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3
Q

Name 2 types of lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

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4
Q

What is the name of the receptor inside cells that responds to lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Nucleorecepter

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5
Q

What is the most common second messenger?

A

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

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6
Q

What do lipid-soluble hormones do inside cells?

A

Turn specific genes of the nuclear DNA on/off

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce and where do they go?

A

Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituatary

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8
Q

What produces releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

The hypothalamus

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9
Q

Do water-soluble hormones use a transport protein?

A

No

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10
Q

What do paracrine hormones act on?

A

Nearby target cells

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11
Q

What do autocrine hormones act on?

A

The same cell

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12
Q

Describe the effect/process of water-soluble proteins on a cell

A

Bind with a surface receptor on cell (GPCR), activate adenyl cyclyse which converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP then activates protein kinases, activated protein kinases phosphorylate other protein kinases, causing a cascade and eventually producing a physiological response

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12
Q

What do endocrine hormones act on?

A

Distant target cells

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13
Q

What inactivates cAMP?

A

phosphodiesterase

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14
Q

What connects the pituitary with the hypothalamus?

A

The infundibulum and hypophyseal portal veins

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15
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

At least 7

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16
Q

What is the first event to happen in the body due to danger?

A

Sympathetic nerve signals affecting various body functions

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17
Q

What is excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system following emotional stress of exposure to cold known as?

A

Raynaud disease

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18
Q

What is a common symptom of Raynaud’s disease?

A

Chronic vasoconstriction leading to white appearance in fingers and toes

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

A

Norepinephrine (or acetylcholine when acting on sweat glands)

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21
Q

Are post-ganglionic autonomic neurons myelinated?

A

No

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22
Q

Are pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons myelinated?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What is another name for neurons that release ACh?

A

Cholinergic

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24
What is another name for neurons that release NE?
Adrenergic
25
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
26
What is the effector of the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
26
What is the 2-neuron pathway also known as?
Autonomic
27
What is the 1-neuron pathway also known as?
Somatic
28
What is the sensory input of the autonomic nervous system?
Interoceptors
29
What is the sensory input of the somatic nervous system?
Special and somatic senses
30
What is the control of input for the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary: limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem & spinal cord
30
What is the control of input for the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary: cerebral cortex
31
What is meant by 'inducible system'?
Up when we need it, down when we don't
32
What branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the alarm response?
Sympathetic
33
What branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the relaxation response?
Parasympathetic
34
What are the effects of sympathetic control on the body? (12)
Increased heart rate Dilated pupils Dilation of bronchi in lungs and faster breathing Decreased salivation Constriction of peripheral blood vessels Contraction of arrector pili muscles (goose flesh) Increased sweat Decreased digestion Increased blood sugar Increased blood pressure Increased water retention
35
What are the effects of parasympathetic control on the body? (6)
Decreased heart rate Contraction of pupils Increased saliva Constriction of bronchi - slower breathing Dilation of peripheral blood vessels Increased digestion
36
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
Behaviour patterns Circadian rhythm Eating & drinking Homeostasis
37
What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?
Exercise Emotion Excitement
38
What is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?
Repletion Rest Relaxation
39
What is the 'central trunk' of the endocrine system?
HPA - hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal glands
40
How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce to control the anterior pituitary?
9
41
How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
Hypophyseal portal veins
42
How many hormones does the pituitary produce to control endocrine organs?
7
42
What is the very outer layer of the adrenal gland called?
Capsule
43
What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control together?
Growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
44
What is the inner layer of the adrenal gland called?
Medulla
45
What is the second-most outer layer of the adrenal gland called?
Cortex
46
Where are the adrenal glands found?
Just above the kidneys
47
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
48
What is the action of the adrenal medulla?
Enhance and sustain the immediate sympathetic alarm response
49
What stimulates the adrenal medulla?
Acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons
50
What is meant by 'inducible system'
Up when we need it, down when we don't
51
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) & Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
52
What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
52
What stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?
CRH released from the hypothalamus
53
What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release mineralocorticoids?
Increased K+ and angiotensin 2 in blood
54
What is the principal action of mineralocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex?
Increase blood Na+ & water and decrease blood K+ (leading to increased blood volume and pressure)
55
What is the principal action of glucocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex?
Resistance reaction to stress, dampens inflammation and depresses immune system
56
What are the effects of the alarm response (5)?
Pounding heart Cold sweat Pale skin Goose flesh Rapid breathing
57
Why is it important for inflammation to be controlled?
So not too much tissue is broken down
58
What are the 6 actions of cortisol and their consequences?
Increase protein breakdown (AA available for protein synthesis) Gluconeogenesis in the liver (Glucose available for ATP production) Lipolysis in adipose tissue (Fatty acid availability) Altered blood vessel sensitivity to vasoconstriction (BP increase) Anti-inflammatory to limit tissue damage (Slower tissue repair and wound healing) Alter immune responsiveness (increased susceptibility to some infections)
59
What inhibits the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?
Elevated cortisol levels
60
What inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus?
Elevated cortisol
61
How fast does the alarm response occur?
Milliseconds-seconds
61
How fast does the extended alarm response occur?
seconds - minutes
61
What are the effects of the resistance reaction?
Increased glucose, fatty acids & amino acids Elevated blood pressure Reduced inflammation Altered immunity
62
What are the 2 types of stress?
Eustress (acute) Distress (chronic)
63
How fast does the resistance reaction response occur?
minutes - hours
63
What does the posterior pituitary gland release?
Oxytocin & ADH

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