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Princeton Bio > Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immunology > Flashcards

Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Immunology Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • hormones
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2
Q

endocrine product

A
  • peptide or steroid
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3
Q

endocrine location of product

A
  • into the blood
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4
Q

endocrine ducts

A
  • none
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5
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • secretions with localized effects
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6
Q

exocrine products

A
  • sweat
  • tears
  • oil
  • saliva
  • semen
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7
Q

exocrine location of products

A
  • body cavities

- body surfaces

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8
Q

exocrine ducts

A
  • yes; except mucus cells
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9
Q

peptide hormone made from

A
  • amino acids
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10
Q

peptide hormone location of receptor

A
  • cell membrane
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11
Q

peptide hormone mechanism of action

A
  • second messenger system
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12
Q

peptide hormone speed of effects

A
  • fast
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13
Q

peptide hormone longevity of effects

A
  • short and temporary
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14
Q

steroid hormones made from

A
  • cholesterol
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15
Q

steroid hormones location of receptor

A
  • intracellular

- typically nucleus

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16
Q

steroid hormone mechanism of action

A
  • binds to DNA or protein and alters transcription
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17
Q

steroid hormone speed of effects

A
  • slow
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18
Q

steroid hormone longevity of effects

A
  • longer and more permanent
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19
Q

three mechanisms to control hormone release

A
  • neural
  • hormonal
  • humoral
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20
Q

neural

A
  • action potential triggers release of the hormone
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21
Q

hormonal

A
  • hormones that control the release of other hormones - tropic
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22
Q

humoral

A
  • level of a molecule, not itself a hormone, in the blood that triggers release of a hormone
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23
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • adenohypophysis
  • glandular tissue
  • makes and secretes 6 major hormones
  • controlled by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus
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24
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • neurohypophysis
  • nervous tissue
  • store and release ADH and oxytocin made by somas in the hypothalamus
  • controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus
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25
pressure in veins
- low
26
blood movement in veins
- one way valves - skeletal muscle contraction - anything that "squishes" the vessel
27
muscular walls in veins
- no
28
elastic veins
- no
29
pressure in arteries
-high
30
blood movement in arteries
- moves by pressure gradient | - aorta -> arteries -> arterioles
31
muscular walls in arteries
- yes
32
elastic arteries
- yes | - can snap back to original shape after being stretched
33
albumin
- large blood protein
34
capillaries
- site of nutrient/waste exchange - plasma (nutrients) moved into tissue by pressure mainly and osmolarity - return plasma (wastes) by osmolarity - huge cross-sectional area
35
lymphatic system
- structurally like veins | - lymph nodes - concentrated area of white blood cells
36
lymph nodes
- meet and greet for white blood cells
37
Flow of blood through the heart
- superior/inferior vena cava - from body - RA - tricuspid AV valve - RV - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - to lungs - pulmonary vein - from lungs - LA - bicuspid (mitral) AV valve - LV - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - to body
38
systole
- ventricles are contracted - atrias are relaxed - high pressure - pressure in arteries when heart is contracted
39
diastole
- atrias contracted - ventricles relaxed - low pressure - pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed
40
lub sound
- close AV (tri and bi) valves | - begin systole
41
dub sound
- close semilunar valves | - begin diastole
42
what we see on a blood pressure monitor
- systolic - pressure in arteries when heart is contracted | - diastolic - pressure in arteries when heart is relaxed
43
blood pressure directly proportional to
- cardiac output | - peripheral resistance in arteries and veins
44
cardiac output (volume/min)
- stroke volume (volume/beat) X heart rate (beats/min)
45
Frank Starling's Law
- the more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the greater the force of contraction - more blood in. more blood out.
46
change stroke volume
- changes in volume of blood - changes in activity level - changes in position
47
peripheral resistance
- how hard it is to move through the blood vessels
48
vessels constricted
- decrease diameter - decrease flow - increase resistance - increase blood pressure
49
vessels dilated
- increase diameter - increase flow - decrease resistance - decrease blood pressure
50
cardiac muscle action potential
- phase 0: resting membrane potential - phase 1: pass threshold and open voltage gated Na+ channels to depolarize - phase 2: voltage gated Na+ channels close. voltage gated K+ channels open - phase 3: voltage gated Ca2+ channels open to sustain depolarization - phase 4: voltage gated Ca2+ channels close and the effects of K+ channels is now seen - phase 5: voltage gated K+ channels close - 200-300 msec - creation of a very long absolute refractory period to prevent the frequency of action potentials high enough for the heart to enter tetany.
51
cardiac autorhythmic cell action potential
- occurs in the SA node
52
channels controlling the SA node
- na+ leak channels drive the cell to depolarize = resting heart rate around 100 - Ach gated K+ channels from the vagus nerve decrease the heart rate
53
atrial muscle cells and ventricular muscle cells are
- not electrically connected | - no gap junctions
54
AV node delays impulse, allowing
- atrias to contract first then ventricles
55
impulse travels from the bottom of the heart before entering the ventricular muscle allowing ventricles to contract from
- bottom to the top | - more efficient blood ejection
56
blood composition
- 54% plasma - liquid portion of blood - 1% leukocytes - 45% hematocrit
57
plasma
- water - electrolytes (ions) - glucose - hormones - wastes (urea) - plasma proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen) - lipoproteins
58
leukocytes
- white blood cells | - platelets
59
hematocrit
- red blood cells | - higher in males
60
right shift in blood gas transport
- decrease pH - increase H+ - increase pCO2 - high temp - 2,3 BPG
61
hyperventilation and blood pH
- increases blood pH | - makes more basic
62
hypoventilation and blood pH
- decreases blood pH | - makes more acidic
63
nonspecific defense
- barriers - chemicals - cells
64
barriers
- skin - mucus - hair - earwax - skin oil - natural flora
65
chemicals
- mucus - lysozyme (saliva, tears) - acidity of stomach - complement system - histamine
66
cells
- neutrophils - macrophages - natural killer cells - eosinophils - basophils
67
antigen
- antibody generating substance | - foreign protein that can trigger an immune response
68
antibody
- specific marker for an antigen - classes: AGEDM - prevent DAMAGE
69
IgA
- dimer, mucus and breast milk
70
IgM
- pentamer, primary immune response
71
IgG
- monomer, secondary immune response
72
pathogen
- disease causing organism
73
B cells
- humoral immunity - antibody producing cells - each B cell only makes one type of antibody - diversity generated by DNA rearrangement
74
heavy chain
- constant recognized by other immune system components
75
light chain
- variable region - antigen binding site - arises by random assortment of different exons that code for the variable region
76
Types of T cells
- cell mediated immunity - Killer T cells - Helper T cells
77
killer T cells
- CD8 - kill our own abnormal cells (virus or cancer) - looking for antigens on MHC 1
78
helper T cells
- secretes chemicals (cytokines) to activate killer Ts and B's - also secrete the neutrophils and macrophages
79
MHC I
- found on cells with a nucleus - WOULD NOT BE FOUND ON RED BLOOD CELLS - allows cells to display cell contents on cell surface
80
MHC II
- found on B cells and macrophages | - allows cells to display what has been eaten on cell surface
81
primary immune response
- first exposure to antigen - 7-10 days - antibody and active T cells - memory B cells
82
secondary immune response
- 2nd exposure to antigen - vaccination - <1 day - antibody and active T cells - more memory B cells
83
the immune system will target
- foreign proteins but not self proteins
84
body produces
- B and T cells that recognize a large number of proteins include our own
85
autoimmune diseases
- self reactive lymphocytes will attack our own antigens and cause this
86
to prevent autoimmune diseases
- identify and destroy cells that attack self antigen
87
where do we destroy self recognizing B cells
- bone marrow
88
where do we destroy self-recognizing t cells
- thymus
89
B and T cells recognize nonself
- released into circulation | - central tolerance
90
B and T cells recognize self
- cell surface proteins - apoptosis of the cell - normally T cells - soluble proteins and other cell proteins - anergic - lack of reaction - primarily B cells
91
neurons in posterior pituitary
- neurons produce hormones - transport hormones down axon - release via action potential - release into capillary bed -> veins -> carried out to body
92
hormone-making cells in anterior pituitary
- hormone making cells in both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary - connected via capillary beds - capillaries connected via portal veins (hypothalamic or hypophyseal)
93
portal system
- allow localized, direct delivery to a location in the body
94
arteries
- carry blood away from the heart
95
veins
- carry blood to heart
96
artery side of capillary
- push fluid out due to pressure
97
vein side of capillary
- absorb fluid due to osmosis | - not as great as that pushed out by pressure
98
cardiac autorhythmic
- Na+ leak channels depolarize - slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open causing slow depolarization - K+ channels open repolarizing - immediately drift upward due to Na+ leak channels
99
cardiac conduction system
- highly specialized muscle cells | - lack contractile machinery
100
Organization of cardiac conduction system
- SA node - connect to atria - AV node - bundle of His - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers - connect to ventricular muscle cells
101
heart rate controlled by
- SA node at 100 BPM | - parasympathetic (vagal) system slowing it down to 70-80 BPM
102
oxygen
- 3% dissolved in plasma | - 97% bound to hemoglobin
103
carbon dioxide
- 7% dissolved in plasma - 20% bound to hemoglobin - 73% in plasma as bicarb.
104
memory B cells
- basis for long term immunity

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