Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Princeton Bio > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

male primary sex organs

A
  • testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

female primary sex organs

A
  • ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

scrotum

A
  • suspends testes outside body cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sperm need two things for maximum viability

A
  • cooler temperature for sperm synthesis. cooler than body temperature.
  • high testosterone levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two jobs of the testes

A
  • make sperm

- make testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interstitiaL cells

A
  • found in between tubules
  • Leydig cells
  • make testosterone
  • stimulated by LH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • undergoing replication and mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sustentacular cells

A
  • form walls of seminiferous tubules
  • sertoli cells
  • sustain sperm development
  • secrete nutrients
  • secrete androgen binding protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • happens on a daily basis
  • spermatogonium
    • mitosis to produce two spermatogonium
  • spermatogonium (2n2x) - 1
    • activate
  • primary spermatocyte (n2x) - 1
    • meiosis I
  • secondary spermatocytes (n2x) - 2
    • meiosis II
  • spermatid (n) - 4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primary sex organs

A
  • make gametes (sperm and ova)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

seminiferous tubule

A
  • where sperm production takes place
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

androgen binding protein

A
  • binds testosterone to help concentrate it in the seminiferous tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spermatogonia

A
  • ultimately become sperm
  • found between sustentacular cells
  • still diploid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lumen of seminiferous tubule

A
  • find sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FSH

A
  • stimulate Susentacular cells

- stimulate Spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vas deferens

A
  • long muscular duct
  • peristalsis for movement of the sperm
  • enters body cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

epididymis

A
  • seminal vesicles come together to form
  • provide nutrients and keep sperm in a suspended state
  • gives swimming ability
  • final maturation of sperm and storage until ejaculation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

urethra

A
  • carries both urine and semen

- not simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

role of accessory glands

A
  • produce semen
  • nutritious (fructose)
  • alkaline fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  • 60% of total ejaculate volume
  • fructose, HCO3-, activating enzymes
  • prostaglandins (trigger cervical dilation and vaginal contractions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prostate

A
  • 35% of total ejaculate volume
  • “clotting factor” - 10 mins
  • keeping the sperm where they need to go
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bulbourethral gland

A
  • 4% of total ejaculate volume
  • activated on arousal
  • secrete mucus to clean the urethra (precum) and neutralize any acid from urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sperm pathway

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sperm is what percent of ejaculate

A
  • only 1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
enlarged prostate
- impinges on the urethra and makes it difficult for urine to pass through
26
physiological function of the penis
- place sperm as close to cervix as possible
27
arousal under what control
- parasympathetic control
28
erection
- dilate the erectile arteries swelling the spongy tissue - penis become erect - labia and clitoris enlarge
29
lubrication
- activation of bulbourethral gland (males) | - activate the greater vestibular glands (females)
30
orgasm under what control
- parasympathetic control
31
emission
- mix sperm and semen in urethra | - contraction of vas deferens and accessory glands
32
ejaculation
- sperm are propelled through the vas deferens and ejaculated - reflexive rhythmic contraction - vagina contracts and cervix dilates
33
resolution under what control
- sympathetic control - female resolution a lot longer than male - arteries constrict and blood leaves the erectile tissue
34
male system
- wolffian system
35
female system
- mullerian system | - default
36
gender development in males
XY -> 7-8 weeks of development -> testes - testosterone (develops Wolffians) - Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) - inhibits mullerian system
37
labia
- skin folds that enclose openings | - clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening
38
greater vestibular glands
- secrete alkaline mucus on arousal - help make vagina less acidic - near the back of the vestibule
39
mammary glands
- produce milk (prolactin) | - oxytocin allows for milk letdown
40
vagina
- stretchy and muscular - "birth canal" - acidic interior - keeps pathogens from growing. not good for sperm
41
cervix
- opening to the uterus
42
non-fertile cervix
- most days of the month | - closed, plugged by a thick, acidic mucus
43
fertile cervix
- only a few days of the month - dilate slightly ( 1 cm) - mucus becomes thin, stretchy, alkaline
44
uterus
- pregnancy develops here
45
endometrium
- built up and shed monthly | - fertilized egg implants here
46
myometrium
- smooth muscle layer (oxytocin) | - unique in that cell retain their ability to divide
47
uterine tubes
- connect uterus and ovary - fallopian tubes - fertilization occurs here - tubal ligation occurs - lined by cilia to move the egg to the uterus
48
vestibule
- urethral opening | - vaginal opening
49
two jobs of the ovary
- make the eggs (ova) | - make estrogen and progesterone
50
oogenesis prenatal stage
- oogonia - mitosis - oogonia (200K-400K) - activation - primary oocyte (halt in prophase I)
51
monthly from puberty (menarche 1st cycle) to menopause
- 5-6 primary oocytes - complete meiosis I - 1 secondary oocyte + first polar body - halt at metaphase II - ovulated and stops
52
if fertilized
- secondary oocyte - complete meiosis II - ovum + second polar body
53
endocrine regulation of menstrual cycle
- hypothalamus - GnRH - anterior pituitary - FSH, LH - ovary - estrogen, progesterone (feedback to AP and hypothalamus to turn off release of stimulus) - uterus
54
follicular phase of ovarian cycle
- days 1-13 - build follicle (oocyte + all supporting cells) - triggered by FSH - secretes estrogen
55
ovulation of ovarian cycle
- day 14 - release secondary oocyte and some supporting cells - triggered by LH surge
56
luteal phase of ovarian cycle
- days 15-26 - corpus luteum forms from follicular remains - triggered by LH to maintain - secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogen
57
menstruation of uterine cycle
- days 1-5 - low estrogen and progesterone - cause shedding of old endometrium
58
proliferative phase of uterine cycle
- day 6-14 - rising estrogen and progesterone levels - causes rebuilding of endometrium
59
secretory phase of uterine cycle
- days 15-28 - stable estrogen and progesterone - enhance endometrium in case implantation happens - secretion of nutrients into endometrium - glycogen, lipoproteins
60
fertility drugs
- work to increase the number of primary oocytes released
61
structure of oocyte
- oocyte - zone pellucida - granulosa cells - thecal cells
62
estrogen positive feedback
- at very high levels it feeds back to anterior pituitary to release more LH - at moderate levels it has negative feedback
63
combined effect of estrogen and progesterone
- strong negative feedback on anterior pituitary
64
big link to endometrium
- link to estrogen
65
in presence of hcg
- corpeus luteum does not degenerate - estrogen and progesterone levels do not fall off - never start shedding endometrium
66
birth control pills
- combination of estrogen and progesterone - stable levels of E and P day 7-28 - inhibits FSH and LH - follicle not going to be stimulated to develop - no LH surge and no ovulation - less endometrium to make less likely for implantation. - periods are a lot shorter and lighter because there is a lot less endometrium to get rid of.
67
fast block to polyspermy
- egg membrane depolarizes to prevent other sperm from wanting to fertilize the egg - triggers slow block
68
slow block to polyspermy
- Ca2+ levels increase causing cortical reaction | - zona pellucida hardens and separates from egg surface
69
acrosomal vesicles of sperm
- top of sperm head - contain digestive enzymes to eat through corona radiata of egg - takes a few sperm to do this
70
cleavage
- dikaryon (1 cell with 2 nuclei) - oocyte meoisis II + kick out second polar body - syngamy (unity sperm and egg DNA) - zygote - single cell, diploid nucleus - 2-cell stage - replication and mitosis - morula - solid ball of cells - blastula - hollow ball of cells - implants in wall of uterus - traveling down uterine tubes to uterus.
71
implantation
- trophoblast | - inner cell mass
72
inner cell mass
- develop into fetus and umbilical cord
73
trophoblast
- becomes placenta - secretes hCG which replaces LH - corpus luteum maintained until the 3rd month when the placenta sustains itself
74
stem cells
- undifferentiated cells | - can reproduce to make more stem cells
75
where are stem cells found?
- brain - skin - bones - gonads - intestines
76
body tissue stem cells
- adult stem cells
77
blastocyst stem cells
- embryonic stem cells
78
determination
- cell becomes committed to a particular fate - irreversible - cytoplasmic and nuclear changes
79
differentiation
- physical changes to a specific cell type
80
pluripotent cells
- can become any cell type within the body | - cannot become the placenta (outside the embryo)
81
multipotent cells
- can become some but not all cell types | - bone marrow and blood stem cell
82
totipotent cells
- can become any cell type include placental cells | - zygote is the only cell that can do this
83
embryonic stage
- first 8 weeks of development after fertilization (2-10 weeks medically pregnant) - gastrulation - neurulation and organogenesis
84
gastrulation
- first half of embryonic stage | - form 3 primary germ layers
85
endoderm
- inner skin and glands (organs that secrete things) - GI and respiratory tract - pancreas - liver - adrenal gland - bladder
86
mesoderm
- muscle, bones, CV system, urogenital - blood - non-gland organs
87
ectoderm
- outer skin and nervous system | - hair, nails
88
neurulation and organogenesis
- second half of embryonic stage - form nervous system - form all organs in the body
89
fetal stage
- week 12 - visible gender ID - week 16 - baby muscle contractions can be felt by mom - week 24 - eyelids unfuse, baby responds to external stimuli - week 28 - testes descend if male - week 33 - surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli - week 38 - full term birth
90
3 triggers for labor
- irritable uterus - wants to contract - placenta deteriorates - uterus is stretched - baby's head stretches cervix - stimulates hypothalamus - posterior pit releases oxytocin - myometrium (uterus) contracts = positive feedback
91
stage 1 of labor
- cervical dilation (10 cm)
92
stage 2 of labor
- fetus is moved into birth canal and is born
93
stage 3 of labor
- the placenta is expelled
94
baby changes
- ALL CIRCULATORY IN NATURE - close lung bypasses - close liver bypass - close umbilical vessels - arteries close first - carry blood away from baby's heart toward placenta - veins close second - carry blood toward baby heart away from placenta - stop making fetal hemoglobin
95
changes in mom
- delivers placenta - estrogen and progesterone drop - release inhibin on prolactin - prolactin levels rise - make milk -> baby nurses -> more prolactin - oxytocin - milk ejection -> baby nurses -> more oxytocin
96
breached babies
- harder to get baby moving and typically result in C sections
97
lung bypass of baby
- vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aorta (ductus arteriosus) - hole between the right and left atria
98
fetal hemoglobin
- has higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin - steal oxygen from mom's hemoglobin so affinity must be higher - mom delivers less to tissues

Princeton Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions