Princeton Bio > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

all transcription takes place where

A
  • the nucleus
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2
Q

all translation begins where

A
  • the cytosol
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3
Q

if you are a cytosolic protein you finish translation where

A
  • in the cytosol
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4
Q

which proteins finish translation in the rough ER

A
  • secreted (S)
  • transmembrane (M)
  • lysosomal (O)
  • ER/Golgi resident proteins
  • som proteins have a signal sequence and finish translation the rough ER.
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5
Q

secreted or lysosomal protein signal sequence

A
  • first few amino acids translated

- removed from the mature protein after translation

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6
Q

transmembrane protein signal sequence

A
  • signal can be any part of the protein
  • signal may appear several times
  • keep signal sequence. becomes transmembrane region of the protein.
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7
Q

signal sequence

A
  • helps to pass through pore to go into cell
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8
Q

components of the cell membrane

A
  • phospholipids- primary lipid of cell membrane
  • cholesterol
  • proteins - allow membrane to be a dynamic structure
  • carbohydrates - unique cell surface markers on extracellular surface of membrane
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9
Q

cholesterol

A
  • increase fluidity at low temps
  • keep membrane stable
  • prevents hydrocarbon tails from packing together
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10
Q

what can pass through the cell membrane

A
  • small nonpolar CO2, O2

- lipid soluble

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11
Q

types of proteins

A
  • peripheral - on the top
  • transmembrane
  • integral
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12
Q

types of barriers

A
  • blood/brain barrier
  • blood/testes barrier
  • blood/placenta barrier
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13
Q

electrolytes

A
  • free ions in solution as a result of dissolving ionic substances
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14
Q

van’t hoff factor (i)

A
  • number of molecules/ions produced when dissolved in H2O
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15
Q

colligative properties

A
  • properties that depend on the number of solute particles but not on their identity
  • freezing point - decreases as number of particles increases
  • vapor pressure - decreases as number of particles increases
  • boiling point - increases as number of particles increases
  • osmotic pressure - increases as number of particles increases
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16
Q

molality

A

moles of solute
_____________
kg of solvent

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17
Q

FP depression

A

Δ T_f = -k_f i m

k_f (water) = 1.9

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18
Q

Vapor Pressure Depression

A
  • # of gas particles in equilibrium with the gas phase
  • solute particles act as anchors
  • how easy it is for things to evaporate from the surface of a liquid.
  • because less solvent has evaporated, vapor pressure is lower.
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19
Q

less evaporation

A
  • less gas particles = lower VP
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20
Q

Boiling point elevation

A
  • in the presence of a solute, the BP of a solution increases

BP elevation ΔT_b = k_b i m
k_b = 0.5

  • add the difference to the original boiling point.
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21
Q

osmotic pressure elevation

A
  • pressure required to resist the movement of water by osmosis
  • more solute causes increase water movement causing pressure to increase to resist that movement

π = i m R T

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22
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of particles from high concentration to low concentrated areas
  • moving down a gradient
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23
Q

osmosis

A
  • water moves from its high concentration to its low concentrated area
  • where there are a lot of particles, there is not a lot of room for water. where there are fewer particles, there is lots of room for water.
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24
Q

hypertonic

A
  • has more particles than
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25
hypotonic
- less particles than
26
isotonic
- equal concentration
27
can sucrose or any sugars break down in water?
- no!
28
passive transport
- no energy required - relies on a concentration gradient - if there is no gradient, there will be no transport - Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ - The salty C surrounds our cells
29
simple diffusion
- works well for small hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules - molecule moves according to gradient - O2, CO2, lipid soluble, steroids
30
facilitated diffusion
- still moves down gradient - small hydrophilic molecules - needs a helper protein - ions, glucose, AAs, large molecules, water
31
helper proteins
- pores - channels - porters
32
pores
- nonspecific holes in the membrane | - size based
33
channels
- highly specific holes in the membrane | - right ID to get through the channel
34
porters
- carriers | - undergo conformational change to allow a molecule across the membrane
35
active transport
- requires energy (ATP) | - move molecule against their concentration gradient
36
primary active transport
- uses ATP directly
37
Na+/K+ ATPase | - primary active transport
- maintains osmotic balance - establishes electrical gradient (RMP = approx - 70 mV) - sets up sodium gradient for secondary active transport - 3 Na+ OUT. 2 K+ IN.
38
secondary active transport
- uses ATP indirectly - relies on gradient set up by primary active transport. - Na+/glucose cotransporter
39
G proteins adenylyl cyclase
- GTP replaces GDP upon binding of ligand to G-protein linked receptor - GDP on alpha beta gamma subunit activates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP - increases cAMP - activates cAMP dependent protein kinases - enzyme phosphorylation - modify enzyme activity in the cell
40
2nd messenger systems
- cAMP is the second messenger. First messenger is the ligand that couldn't cross the cell membrane. - signal amplification - fast and temporary
41
G proteins phospholipase C
- ligand binds to G-protein linked receptor - alpha beta gamma subunit activates phospholipase C to make DAG and IP3 - DAG activates kinases which changes enzyme activity - IP3 increases intracellular calcium
42
cilia/flagella cross section
- 9+2 arrangment - 9 pairs microtubules on the outside - 2 microtubules on the inside - connected via dynein - folds up and opens
43
desmosomes
- general adhesive junctions between cells
44
tight junctions
- seal lumens - separate environments - found near apex of cells
45
gap junctions
- cell-to-cell communication | - like a tunnel shared between cells
46
Cell Cycle
- Interphase | - Mitosis - separate the replicated copies
47
Interphase
- G1 - growth and normal cell activity (2n1x) - S - synthesis, DNA replication - G2 - growth and prep for division (2n2x)
48
G0
- stasis | - Ex. neuron
49
points of regulation
- between G1 and S - most regulated! | - between G2 and mitosis
50
prophase
- nuclear membrane breaks down - build the mitotic spindle - condense DNA
51
metaphase
- replicated DNA aligns at the metaphase plate at the cell center - align randomly
52
anaphase
- separate the sister chromatids - begin cytokinesis - cleavage furrow made by microfilaments`
53
telophase
- reverse of prophase | - finish cytokinesis
54
end product of mitosis
- two daughter cells that are IDENTICAL to each other and IDENTICAL to the parent cell
55
cancer
- result from changes in the DNA sequence of key genes - start from single cells with mutated DNA - cells grow and divide without control - migrate to surrounding tissues
56
TWO types of cancer genes
- oncogenes | - tumor suppressor genes
57
proto-oncogenes
- normal genes which control the cell cycle - whole body growth - healing - cell turnover
58
oncogene
- mutated proto-oncogene that is permanently on | - gain of function mutation
59
tumor suppressor genes
- code for proteins that stop the cell cycle - monitor genome of cells in the cell cycle - if DNA damaged, initiate repair pathway - if not repairable, then the tumor cells trigger apoptosis - loss of function mutation
60
Caspases
- c-asp-ases | - cut the C terminus of Asp
61
extracellular death signals
- killer T cells
62
intracellular death signals
- caspases
63
secreted protein translation
- signal sequence comes at the very beginning - as protein is being made it is being pushed through the translocator pore into the ER lumen - has hydrophobic signal sequence in the ER membrane. protein folds and hangs off of it. - after translation, clip protein off signal sequence, packaged up and sent to the Golgi for further processing
64
membrane bound protein translation
- may already have several amino acids translated ahead. - signal sequence somewhere in the middle - translation proceeds into lumen of ER - signal sequence docks in ER and translation occurs on opposite side. - everytime a signal sequence appears, translation occurs on the opposite side of the ER. - protein being threaded through membrane - signal sequences must remain - vesicles bubbles up and pinches off to move outward.
65
relationship between osmotic pressure and particle concentration
- directly related
66
initiator caspases
- activated in response to intra- or extracellular signals
67
effector caspases
- activated by initiators to carry out process of apoptosis
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