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+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction > Endocrine Control of Fuel Metabolism > Flashcards

Endocrine Control of Fuel Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions that occur within cells of the body

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2
Q

What are the two pathways of metabolism?

A
  • anabolic pathway

- catabolic pathway

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3
Q

What does the anabolic pathway do?

A

involved in synthesis of compounds constituting body’s structure, and require energy (ATP)

ie. protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis

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4
Q

What does the catabolic pathway do?

A

involve processes that release energy

ie. oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Should the rates of anabolism and catabolism be balanced?

A

in healthy adults, yes

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6
Q

What do anabolic hormones do?

A

build fuel stores

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7
Q

What are some anabolic hormones? (3)

A

insulin
growth hormones
testosterone

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8
Q

What do catabolic hormones do?

A

break down stores

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9
Q

What are some catabolic hormones? (3)

A

glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol

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10
Q

What are fight-or-flight hormones?

A

catabolic hormones

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11
Q

What hormones do cheating athletes use?

A

catabolic hormones

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12
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

glucose is metabolized to pyruvate

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13
Q

In most cells, what happens to pyruvate?

A

further metabolized to acetyl-CoA, which can enter citric acid cycle for complete oxidation

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14
Q

What is excess glucose stored as?

A

glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What happens if glucose stores are full?

A

additional glucose can be transformed into fatty acids + glycerol and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue

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16
Q

What is the key site of glucose homeostasis?

A

liver

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17
Q

What happens in ß-oxidation?

A

fatty acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

What happens to acetyl-CoA?

A

enter citric acid cycle for complete oxidation

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19
Q

What are excess fatty acids stored as?

A

triglycerides, mainly in adipose tissue (fat)

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20
Q

What is the primary source of energy during prolonged fasting?

A

stored fat

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21
Q

What happens when excess fatty acid storage (adipose tissue) is full?

A

elevated circulating fatty acids lead to pathological lipid deposition in skeletal muscle, heart, and elsewhere

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of adipose tissue?

A
  • subcutaneous adipose tissue – underskin
  • depot adipose tissue
  • visceral adipose tissue – in and around organs
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23
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

make fat

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24
Q

What is lypolysis?

A

break down fat

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25
Q

What is predominantly used for protein synthesis?

A

dietary amino acids

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26
Q

What happens to excess circulating amino acids that are not needed for protein synthesis?

A

converted to glucose or fatty acids, ultimately being stored as triglycerides

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27
Q

What is autophagy?

A

during prolonged fasting, proteins are broken down to amino acids which are converted to ketones to provide energy for brain

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28
Q

What is the primary site of amino acid storage?

A

muscle

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29
Q

What are the body’s 3 main energy sources?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
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30
Q

What are the body’s 3 lesser energy sources?

A
  • glycerol
  • lactic acid
  • ketones
31
Q

What is glycerol derived from?

A

triglyceride hydrolysis

32
Q

What can glycerol be converted to?

A

glucose, by the liver

33
Q

What is lactic acid produced by?

A

incomplete glucose breakdown (partial glycolysis) in muscle

34
Q

What can lactic acid be converted to?

A

glucose, by the liver

35
Q

What are ketones produced by, and when?

A

liver during starvation or carbohydrate restriction (ie. nutritional ketosis)

36
Q

Where are ketones released?

A

into blood

37
Q

What uses ketones for energy?

A
  • other tissues

- most importantly the brain

38
Q

How do all three products of nutrient digestion (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids) form ATP?

A

metabolized to acetyl-CoA, which is completely oxidized by citric acid cycle in most tissues, and ATP is formed

39
Q

SUMMARY ENERGY STORES

A

–

40
Q

What is the order in which energy is used?

A
  • about 4 hours after meal, you can use that energy from the meal
  • after, you use glycogen storage
  • gluconeogenesis from lipids and proteins
41
Q

What can’t the body function without?

A

kidney
brain
heart

42
Q

What is the absorptive (fed) state?

A

period after a meal that food is digested and nutrients are absorbed

  • depends on what you eat
43
Q

What is the post-absorptive (fasting) state?

A

interdigestive period that begins ~5 h after a meal, and commonly occurs for 10-14hr (overnight) fast

44
Q

Why is tight glucose regulation important?

A

important for brain, which uses glucose extensively and can not synthesize its own glucose or store glycogen

45
Q

What happens if you have hypoglycemia?

A

can pass out

46
Q

What happens if you have hyperglycemia?

A

toxic to tissues

47
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

making glycogen from glucose for storage

48
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

breaking down glycogen to use for energy

49
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

making new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

50
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

breaking down glucose for energy

51
Q

What does the liver play a primary role in?

A

maintaining normal plasma glucose levels

52
Q

What does the liver do when plasma glucose increases?

A

glycogen synthesis → decrease plasma glucose

53
Q

What does the liver do when plasma glucose decreases?

A

gluconeogenesis → increase plasma glucose

54
Q

What does increase in blood glucose promote?

A

promotes insulin release, which tells liver that there is high blood sugar and need to store it away and stop releasing it

55
Q

What is low blood sugar sensed by, and what happens?

A

sensed by pancreas

  • promotes glucagon release, which tells liver that blood glucose is low and some needs to be released into blood
56
Q

What does SGLT2 do?

A

block glucose reuptake transporter in kidney, allowing more glucose to leave in urine

57
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

Insulin

  • effect on blood glucose
  • effect on blood fatty acids
  • effect on blood amino acids
  • effect on muscle protein
  • stimuli
A
  • decrease
  • decrease
  • decrease
  • increase
  • ↑ glucose, ↓ amino acids
58
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

Glucagon

  • effect on blood glucose
  • effect on blood fatty acids
  • effect on blood amino acids
  • effect on muscle protein
  • stimuli
A
  • increase
  • increase
  • no effect
  • no effect
  • ↑ glucose, ↓ amino acids
59
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

Epinephrine

  • effect on blood glucose
  • effect on blood fatty acids
  • effect on blood amino acids
  • effect on muscle protein
  • stimuli
A
  • increase
  • increase
  • no effect
  • no effect
  • stress, exercise
60
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

Cortisol

  • effect on blood glucose
  • effect on blood fatty acids
  • effect on blood amino acids
  • effect on muscle protein
  • stimuli
A
  • increase
  • increase
  • increase
  • decrease
  • stress
61
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

Growth Hormone

  • effect on blood glucose
  • effect on blood fatty acids
  • effect on blood amino acids
  • effect on muscle protein
  • stimuli
A
  • increase (less)
  • increase (less)
  • decrease
  • increase
  • deep sleep, stress, exercise, ↓ glucose
62
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

What hormones are involved? (5)

A 
insulin
glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone
63
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

What happens in the absorptive state?

A

increased glucose (hyperglycemia) stimulates insulin release

tells body to put glucose away

64
Q

Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels

What happens in the post-absorptive state?

A

insulin falls and glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol rise

this process (glucose counter-regulation) is activated to prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)

65
Q

What is glucose homeostasis regulated by? (4)

A
  • insulin (most important), glucagon, and epinephrine – fast acting
  • cortisol and growth hormone – slow acting
  • neural inputs – parasympathetic (Ach), sympathetic (NE)
  • substrates – glucose, amino acids (AA), free fatty acids (FFA)
66
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas do?

A

secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, tryptase) through pancreatic duct into intestine

67
Q

What is the endocrine pancreas comprised of?

A

islets of Langerhans, which are scattered throughout exocrine pancreas

68
Q

Where are exocrine pancreas secretions released?

A

into gut

69
Q

Where are endocrine pancreas secretions released?

A

into bloodstream

70
Q

What are the 4 major cell types of pancreatic islets?

A

𝛼 cells – glucagon
𝛽 cells – insulin
𝛿 cells– somatostatin
PP cells – pancreatic polypeptide

71
Q

Do islets have blood vessels?

A

yes – highly vascularized

72
Q

Are islets innervated?

A

yes – by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of ANS

73
Q

Describe glucose-stimulated insulin release.

A

coordinated and rapid

+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction (32 decks)

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