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+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction > Endocrine Control of Fuel Metabolism > Flashcards

Endocrine Control of Fuel Metabolism Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions that occur within cells of the body

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2
Q

What are the two pathways of metabolism?

A
  • anabolic pathway

- catabolic pathway

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3
Q

What does the anabolic pathway do?

A

involved in synthesis of compounds constituting body’s structure, and require energy (ATP)

ie. protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis

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4
Q

What does the catabolic pathway do?

A

involve processes that release energy

ie. oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Should the rates of anabolism and catabolism be balanced?

A

in healthy adults, yes

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6
Q

What do anabolic hormones do?

A

build fuel stores

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7
Q

What are some anabolic hormones? (3)

A

insulin
growth hormones
testosterone

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8
Q

What do catabolic hormones do?

A

break down stores

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9
Q

What are some catabolic hormones? (3)

A

glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol

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10
Q

What are fight-or-flight hormones?

A

catabolic hormones

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11
Q

What hormones do cheating athletes use?

A

catabolic hormones

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12
Q

What happens in glycolysis?

A

glucose is metabolized to pyruvate

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13
Q

In most cells, what happens to pyruvate?

A

further metabolized to acetyl-CoA, which can enter citric acid cycle for complete oxidation

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14
Q

What is excess glucose stored as?

A

glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What happens if glucose stores are full?

A

additional glucose can be transformed into fatty acids + glycerol and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue

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16
Q

What is the key site of glucose homeostasis?

A

liver

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17
Q

What happens in ß-oxidation?

A

fatty acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA

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18
Q

What happens to acetyl-CoA?

A

enter citric acid cycle for complete oxidation

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19
Q

What are excess fatty acids stored as?

A

triglycerides, mainly in adipose tissue (fat)

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20
Q

What is the primary source of energy during prolonged fasting?

A

stored fat

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21
Q

What happens when excess fatty acid storage (adipose tissue) is full?

A

elevated circulating fatty acids lead to pathological lipid deposition in skeletal muscle, heart, and elsewhere

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of adipose tissue?

A
  • subcutaneous adipose tissue – underskin
  • depot adipose tissue
  • visceral adipose tissue – in and around organs
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23
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

make fat

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24
Q

What is lypolysis?

A

break down fat

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25
What is predominantly used for protein synthesis?
dietary amino acids
26
What happens to excess circulating amino acids that are not needed for protein synthesis?
converted to glucose or fatty acids, ultimately being stored as triglycerides
27
What is autophagy?
during prolonged fasting, proteins are broken down to amino acids which are converted to ketones to provide energy for brain
28
What is the primary site of amino acid storage?
muscle
29
What are the body's 3 main energy sources?
- carbohydrates - lipids - proteins
30
What are the body's 3 lesser energy sources?
- glycerol - lactic acid - ketones
31
What is glycerol derived from?
triglyceride hydrolysis
32
What can glycerol be converted to?
glucose, by the liver
33
What is lactic acid produced by?
incomplete glucose breakdown (partial glycolysis) in muscle
34
What can lactic acid be converted to?
glucose, by the liver
35
What are ketones produced by, and when?
liver during starvation or carbohydrate restriction (ie. nutritional ketosis)
36
Where are ketones released?
into blood
37
What uses ketones for energy?
- other tissues | - most importantly the brain
38
How do all three products of nutrient digestion (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids) form ATP?
metabolized to acetyl-CoA, which is completely oxidized by citric acid cycle in most tissues, and ATP is formed
39
SUMMARY ENERGY STORES
–
40
What is the order in which energy is used?
- about 4 hours after meal, you can use that energy from the meal - after, you use glycogen storage - gluconeogenesis from lipids and proteins
41
What can't the body function without?
kidney brain heart
42
What is the absorptive (fed) state?
period after a meal that food is digested and nutrients are absorbed - depends on what you eat
43
What is the post-absorptive (fasting) state?
interdigestive period that begins ~5 h after a meal, and commonly occurs for 10-14hr (overnight) fast
44
Why is tight glucose regulation important?
important for brain, which uses glucose extensively and can not synthesize its own glucose or store glycogen
45
What happens if you have hypoglycemia?
can pass out
46
What happens if you have hyperglycemia?
toxic to tissues
47
What is glycogenesis?
making glycogen from glucose for storage
48
What is glycogenolysis?
breaking down glycogen to use for energy
49
What is gluconeogenesis?
making new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
50
What is glycolysis?
breaking down glucose for energy
51
What does the liver play a primary role in?
maintaining normal plasma glucose levels
52
What does the liver do when plasma glucose increases?
glycogen synthesis → decrease plasma glucose
53
What does the liver do when plasma glucose decreases?
gluconeogenesis → increase plasma glucose
54
What does increase in blood glucose promote?
promotes insulin release, which tells liver that there is high blood sugar and need to store it away and stop releasing it
55
What is low blood sugar sensed by, and what happens?
sensed by pancreas - promotes glucagon release, which tells liver that blood glucose is low and some needs to be released into blood
56
What does SGLT2 do?
block glucose reuptake transporter in kidney, allowing more glucose to leave in urine
57
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels Insulin - effect on blood glucose - effect on blood fatty acids - effect on blood amino acids - effect on muscle protein - stimuli
- decrease - decrease - decrease - increase - ↑ glucose, ↓ amino acids
58
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels Glucagon - effect on blood glucose - effect on blood fatty acids - effect on blood amino acids - effect on muscle protein - stimuli
- increase - increase - no effect - no effect - ↑ glucose, ↓ amino acids
59
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels Epinephrine - effect on blood glucose - effect on blood fatty acids - effect on blood amino acids - effect on muscle protein - stimuli
- increase - increase - no effect - no effect - stress, exercise
60
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels Cortisol - effect on blood glucose - effect on blood fatty acids - effect on blood amino acids - effect on muscle protein - stimuli
- increase - increase - increase - decrease - stress
61
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels Growth Hormone - effect on blood glucose - effect on blood fatty acids - effect on blood amino acids - effect on muscle protein - stimuli
- increase (less) - increase (less) - decrease - increase - deep sleep, stress, exercise, ↓ glucose
62
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels What hormones are involved? (5)
``` insulin glucagon epinephrine cortisol growth hormone ```
63
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels What happens in the absorptive state?
increased glucose (hyperglycemia) stimulates insulin release tells body to put glucose away
64
Hormonal-regulated and Hormone-independent Control of Glucose Levels What happens in the post-absorptive state?
insulin falls and glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol rise this process (glucose counter-regulation) is activated to prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
65
What is glucose homeostasis regulated by? (4)
- insulin (most important), glucagon, and epinephrine – fast acting - cortisol and growth hormone – slow acting - neural inputs – parasympathetic (Ach), sympathetic (NE) - substrates – glucose, amino acids (AA), free fatty acids (FFA)
66
What does the exocrine pancreas do?
secretes bicarbonate and digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, tryptase) through pancreatic duct into intestine
67
What is the endocrine pancreas comprised of?
islets of Langerhans, which are scattered throughout exocrine pancreas
68
Where are exocrine pancreas secretions released?
into gut
69
Where are endocrine pancreas secretions released?
into bloodstream
70
What are the 4 major cell types of pancreatic islets?
𝛼 cells – glucagon 𝛽 cells – insulin 𝛿 cells– somatostatin PP cells – pancreatic polypeptide
71
Do islets have blood vessels?
yes – highly vascularized
72
Are islets innervated?
yes – by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of ANS
73
Describe glucose-stimulated insulin release.
coordinated and rapid

+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction (32 decks)

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