Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction > Intro to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

endocrine glands + their secretions (hormones) + diagnosis and treatment of disorders of endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are glands?

A

structures (epithelial tissue derivatives) specialized for secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A
  • exocrine glands

- endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cells (important characteristic) do exocrine glands have?

A

duct cells – exocrine secretions (from secretory portion of gland) are released into ducts, which deliver them to surface of skin or to one of the cavities in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of exocrine glands? (4)

A

exocrine pancreas – source of digestive enzymes
sweat glands
salivary glands
mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 important characteristics of endocrine glands?

A
  • disappearance of duct cells

- hormones are secreted into blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands? (4)

A

pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal glands
parathyroid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are endocrine tissues and cells responsible for?

A

producing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some examples of endocrine tissues and cells? (5)

A
  • islets of Langerhans within pancreas (source of insulin and glucagon)
  • granulosa cells of ovarian follicle (estrogen)
  • lining of stomach (gastrin), atrial muscle fibres (atrial natriuretic peptide)
  • kidneys (renin)
  • Leydig cells of testes (testosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of effect do hormones have?

A

can have stimulatory or inhibitory effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do hormones interact with?

A

specific receptors found on or in target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do hormones do?

A

help to regulate all major functions of the body, including:

  • growth and development
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
  • glandular secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can a hormone have affect multiple functions?

A

yes – ie. thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can a function be controlled by more than one hormone?

A

yes – ie. reproduction is controlled by thyroid hormone, LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 chemical classes of hormones?

A
  • protein hormones
  • steroid hormones
  • amines
  • eicosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which is the most common class of hormones?

A

protein hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are protein hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

water soluble (hydrophilic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the steps in protein hormone synthesis?

A
  1. transcription and translation (preprohormone)
  2. processing and packaging (prohormone; hormone)
  3. storage in secretory vesicles until specific stimulus-induced release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are protein hormones synthesized by? (3)

A

anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
endocrine pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic, lipid soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does synthesis of steroid hormones require?

A

requires specific enzymes, found only within steroidogenic organs, such as:

  • gonads (testis and ovary)
  • adrenal glands (cortex)
  • placenta (during pregnancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do gonads (testis and ovary) produce?

A

sex steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do adrenal glands (cortex) produce?

A

corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens)

26
Q

What does the placenta (during pregnancy) produce?

A

multiple placental hormones, including estrogens and progesterone

27
Q

Are steroid hormones transported or stored immediately following synthesis?

A

diffuse to extracellular fluid and blood (NOT stored in vesicles)

28
Q

What are amines?

A

small molecules derived from one of two amino acids: tyrosine and tryptophan

29
Q

Where us tyrosine found? (2)

A
  • adrenal medulla (inner portion of adrenal gland)

- thyroid gland

30
Q

In what form is tyrosine found in adrenal medulla (inner portion of adrenal gland)?

A

precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine (catecholamines)

31
Q

In what form is tyrosine found in thyroid gland?

A

conjugation of two tyrosine molecules is required for production of thyroid hormones

32
Q

Where is tryptophan found?

A
  • gut and brain

- brain (pineal gland)

33
Q

In what form is tryptophan found in the gut and brain?

A

precursor of serotonin

  • gut: serotonin regulates motility, secretions
  • brain: serotonin regulates emotions, appetite, sleep
34
Q

In what form is tryptophan found in the brain (pineal gland)?

A

serotonin is precursor of melatonin

35
Q

What is melatonin?

A

biological clock – integrates sleep-wake cycles

36
Q

What are eicosanoids synthesized from?

A

lipids and phospholipids

37
Q

What are most eicosanoids derived from?

A

arachidonic acid (component of plasma membrane phospholipids)

38
Q

What do eicosanoids do?

A

serve as local chemical mediators with powerful biologic activities

ie. prostaglandins

39
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

involved in inflammation, initiation of labour, airway constriction, etc.

40
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

ability of body to maintain a relatively constant environment in the face of a constantly changing external environment

41
Q

What is the secretion of hormones regulated by?

A

negative feedback systems

42
Q

When is negative feedback initiated?

A

if a factor becomes excessive or deficient, control system initiates negative feedback to bring that factor back to within normal range

43
Q

Does positive feedback ever occur?

A

yes

in rare cases, biological action of hormone may INDUCE additional release of that hormone (positive feedback)

44
Q

What are consequences of positive feedback of hormone secretion?

A
  • can result in vicious cycle incompatible with homeostasis
  • then can lead to disease or death

(there are very few examples of physiological positive feedbacks because they disturb homeostasis)

45
Q

What are the 5 modes of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A
  • endocrine (most common)
  • neuroendocrine
  • paracrine
  • autocrine
  • intracrine
46
Q

What is the endocrine mode of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A

endocrine cells → blood → target tissue

47
Q

What is the neuroendocrine mode of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A

specialized neurons → blood → target tissue

48
Q

What is the paracrine mode of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A

endocrine cells → extracellular space → target tissue

49
Q

What type of function does the paracrine mode of hormone delivery have?

A

local function, often provided by eicosanoids and growth factors

50
Q

What is the autocrine mode of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A

endocrine cells → extracellular space → target tissue

51
Q

What type of function does the autocrine mode of hormone delivery have?

A

local function, often provided by eicosanoids and growth factors

52
Q

What is the intracrine mode of delivery of hormones to target tissues?

A

hormone acts within the cell of origin

53
Q

What type of function does the intracrine mode of hormone delivery have?

A

local function, often provided by eicosanoids and growth factors

54
Q

What must a hormone do to exert its biological function?

A

hormone must bind to its receptor on and/or in the target tissue and form a hormone-receptor complex

hormone + receptor → hormone-receptor complex → specific biological response

ie. GnRH + receptor (on anterior pituitary) → GnRHR complex → release of LH and FSH

55
Q

What are receptors?

A

large proteins, most are highly specific for a single hormone

56
Q

Where are receptors located? (3)

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell cytoplasm
  • cell nucleus
57
Q

Which receptors are located in the cell membrane?

A

protein hormone and catecholamine receptors

58
Q

Which receptors are located in the cell cytoplasm?

A

some steroid hormone receptors (ie. testosterone)

59
Q

Which receptors are located in the cell nucleus?

A

some steroid and thyroid hormone receptors

60
Q

What generates rapid non-genomic responses?

A

many steroid hormones (including E and T) and thyroid hormones also interact with specific cell-surface receptors to generate rapid non-genomic responses

+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions