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+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

within sella turcica (Turk’s saddle) of sphenoid bone, just below hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the pituitary gland connected to?

A

connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum (connecting stalk)

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3
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  • anterior lobe or adenohypophysis

- posterior lobe or neurohypophysis

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4
Q

What is the anterior lobe or adenohypophysis composed of?

A

glandular tissue that produces and releases 6 major hormones

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5
Q

What is the posterior lobe or neurohypophysis?

A

part of brain composed of neurons and supporting cells (neural tissue) that is the site of storage and release of 2 neurohormones produced by hypothalamus

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6
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What is activity regulated by?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

Anterior Pituitary

How does it communicate with hypothalamus? (2)

A

through vascular connection:

  • primary capillary plexus
  • secondary capillary plexus
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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Where is the primary capillary plexus?

A

in inferior hypothalamus (part of hypothalamus)

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Where is the secondary capillary plexus?

A

in anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

primary and secondary plexuses + network of hypophyseal portal veins that connects them

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What produces hormones?

A

neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus (hypothalamic neurons)

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Where are hypothalamic hormones stored?

A

in axon terminals that synapse on capillaries of primary plexus

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Upon stimulation, where are hypothalamic hormones released?

A

released into primary capillary plexus and delivered, via hypophyseal portal veins, to secondary capillary plexus where they can stimulate or inhibit activities of hormone-producing anterior pituitary cells

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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What do hypothalamic hormones act on?

A

can stimulate or inhibit activities of hormone-producing anterior pituitary cells

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What are hormones regulated by?

A

one or more hypothalamic hormones (+ stimulatory or – inhibitory)

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16
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What are the 6 hormones?

A
  • growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)? (+/-)

A

+ GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)

  • GH-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
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18
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin? (+/-)

A

+ thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

  • thyrotropin-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)
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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin? (+)

A

+ corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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20
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)? (+)

A

+ gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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21
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate luteinizing hormone (LH)? (+)

A

+ gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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22
Q

Anterior Pituitary

What hypothalamic hormones regulate prolactin (PRL)? (+/-)

A

+ PRL-releasing hormone (TRH and undefined PRHs)

  • dopamine (predominant) – primary
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23
Q

What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by?

A

thyrotrophs

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24
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) control?

A

controls each step in the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

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25
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced by?

A

corticotrophs

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26
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

A

stimulates cortex of adrenal gland to produce glucocorticoid hormones, especially cortisol

27
Q

What is FSH and LH (gonadotropins) produced by?

A

single type of anterior pituitary cells called gonadotrophs

28
Q

What does FSH and LH (gonadotropins) regulate?

A

regulate functions of gonads (testes and ovaries), including production of gametes (sperm or ova) and sex steroids

29
Q

What is prolactin produced by?

A

lactotrophs

30
Q

What is the main function of prolactin during pregnancy?

A

to stimulate breast development and lactogenesis (production of milk), but there many more functions (300+)

sucking → decrease dopamine → increase PRL → decrease GnRH → decrease LH and FSH → decrease fertility

31
Q

What is the function of prolactin in mean?

A

not known – but high levels decrease gonadotropin and testosterone secretion, decreasing testicular function

32
Q

What is growth hormone produced by?

A

cells of anterior pituitary called somatotrophs

33
Q

What does growth hormone have important metabolic effects on? (3)

A
  • liver
  • adipose
  • muscle
34
Q

What metabolic effects does growth hormone have on liver?

A

increase gluconeogenesis

35
Q

What metabolic effects does growth hormone have on adipose tissue?

A

increase lipolysis

36
Q

What metabolic effects does growth hormone have on muscle?

A

increase amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

37
Q

How are most of growth hormones’ actions related to growth?

A

indirect actions – mediated by increasing synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (and especially IGF-1) by liver and target tissues, such as bone and cartilage

38
Q

Growth Hormone

What is the origin of most IGF-1 in circulation?

A

hepatic origin

39
Q

Growth Hormone

What does most IGF-1 in circulation do?

A

has endocrine effect

40
Q

Growth Hormone

What also synthesizes IGF-1?

A

several tissues such as muscle, cartilage and bone

41
Q

Growth Hormone

What does IGF-1 synthesized by tissues (muscle, cartilage, bone) do?

A

acts in a paracrine or autocrine fashion to promote local tissue growth

42
Q

What does elevated levels of growth hormone inhibit?

A
  • anterior pituitary (via direct or short loop negative feedback)
  • hypothalamus

(elevated IGF-1 has similar negative feedback effect on both regions of the brain)

43
Q

Anterior Pituitary

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Liver Axis – DO NOTES ON DIAGRAM

A

–

44
Q

What causes dwarfism?

A

hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood

45
Q

What causes gigantism?

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood

46
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

growth of hands, feet, facial features, and thickening of skin

47
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone as adult

  • normally we don’t grow throughout our whole lives – long bones stop responding to IGF-1
  • however, some bones have the ability to respond to IGF-1 throughout life and continue to grow
47
Q

What causes acromegaly?

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone as adult

  • normally we don’t grow throughout our whole lives – long bones stop responding to IGF-1
  • however, some bones have the ability to respond to IGF-1 throughout life and continue to grow
48
Q

What are body sizes at birth of people with dwarfism, gigantism, and acromegaly?

A

individuals are of normal size at birth, as fetal growth is promoted by hormones produced by placenta

49
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What type of connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is there?

A

neural connection – neurons originate from two specific regions of hypothalamus:

  • supraoptic nuclei
  • paraventricular nuclei
50
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What is the supraoptic nuclei?

A

where the neurohormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced

51
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What is the paraventricular nuclei?

A

where the neurohormone oxytocin is produced

52
Q

Posterior Pituitary

Following synthesis in hypothalamus, where is each hormone transported?

A

to axon terminals in posterior pituitary and stored in vesicles

53
Q

Posterior Pituitary

Upon stimulation, where are hormones released?

A

hormone is released into a capillary bed in posterior pituitary for distribution to specific target tissues

54
Q

Posterior Pituitary

How are ADH and oxytocin similar?

A

both composed of 9 amino acids

55
Q

Posterior Pituitary

How are ADH and oxytocin different?

A

have very different physiological functions

56
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What is an antidiuretic?

A

substance that inhibits formation of urine

57
Q

What is diuresis?

A

urine production

58
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What physiological function is affected in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of kidney reabsorb water from urine → decrease water loss and increase blood volume

59
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also referred to as, and why?

A

also referred to as vasopressin, as it causes constriction of arterioles → increases blood pressure

60
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What are the two hormones produced?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- oxytocin

61
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What is the main target tissue of oxytocin? (2)

A
  • uterus during late pregnancy and delivery

- lactating mammary gland

62
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What does oxytocin do in the uterus?

A

increase stretching of uterus and cervix shortly before onset of birth → increase release of oxytocin → increase contractions of uterine smooth muscle → birth

63
Q

Posterior Pituitary

What does oxytocin do in the mammary gland?

A

sucking by newborn → increase release of oxytocin → contraction of specialized cells surrounding milk-producing glands (myoepithelial cells) → increase milk ejection (“letdown”)

+ CAPS 301: Respiratory, Renal, GI, Endocrinology, Reproduction (32 decks)

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