Endocrine/Digestion/Nutrition Flashcards

Question

LH

Answer 1

1. Regulates GnRH - Gondadotropin Releasing Hormone secreted in Hypothalamus which travels through hypophyseal portal system affecting 2. Syntheesis & Release of LH - Luteinizing Hormone in Anterior Pituitary affect 3. Ovaries/testes which secrete 4. Progesterone/Estrogen which travel in bloodstream to target cells and inhibit (negative feedback) production of GnRH \*\*\*Trigers ovulation and production of testosterone

Answer 2

1. Released by GHRH- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone & GHIH - Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone secreted in Hypothalamus travels through hypophyseal portal system affecting 2. GH - Growth Hormone secretion in Anterior Pituitary which affects 3. Liver which secretes 4. Somatomedians which affect amino acid uptake & Protein Synthesis at target cells throughout body and GHIH which inhibits (negative feedback), the Liver determines need for continued production (positive feedback) of GHRH

Answer 3

1. Regulated by PRH - Prolactin Releasing Hormone & PIH - Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone secreted in Hypothalamus which travels through hypophyseal portal system stimulating 2. Synthesis & Release of PRL - Prolactin in Anterior Pituitary which affects 3. Mammary Gland which secretes 4. PRH stimulates (positive feedback) or PIH which inhibits (negative feedback) production of more PRL

Answer 4

Melancyte Stimulating Hormone has effects during fetal development

Answer 5

Antidiruetic Hormone synthesized by the neurons in the hypothalamus where they travel and are released in Posterior Pituitary released due to * positive electrolyte concentration * increase positive osmotic pressure * Decrease Blood Volume - in order to decrease water lost in urine, and increase reabsorption; * Can cause vasoconstriction; Vasopressin is ADH \*\*\*ADH is inhibited by alcohol

Answer 6

Oxytocin synthesized by the neurons in the hypothalamus where they travel and are released in Posterior Pituitary * Stimulates smooth muscle contractions in urterine wall during labor & delivery * participates in milk let down by mamary's * plays a role in sexual arousal

Answer 7

decrese in release of ADH or decrease in kidney's response to ADH indicated by polyuna ⇒ leads to dehydration

Answer 8

* The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones * TRH - Thyropin Releasing Hormone secreted by hypothalamus delivered to Anterior Pituitary causing release of TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone * TSH stimulates the Thyroid Gland to synthesize T3 & T4 in the follicular cells from Iodine ion obtained from the diet and Tyrosine an amino acid

Answer 9

Primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism increases rate of ATP production in mitochondria byproduct of ATP production causes increase in body temp and production of heat Thyroid Hormone = T3, T4 are lipid Soluble; can easily pass through membrane

Answer 10

* increased T3/T4 Graves Disease - auto-immune disease, causes weightloss, tachycardia, new onset A-Fib can cause thyroid to enlarge to 2x normal size (goiter), bulging eyes typically thin and skinny due to increased caloric burn from hypermetabolic state Prolonged A-fib can cause remodeling of heart and perminant arrythmia

Answer 11

S&S: Irritability, coma, hypertension, tachycardia Fatal if not treated within 48 hours

Answer 12

* decreased levels of T3 & T4 (thyroid hormone) in the bloodstream causes : * Myxedema - connective tissue disorder, (Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous) cutaneous dermal edema, * **Goiter ** (can occur in hyperthyroidism aswell) - enlarged Thyroid Gland - Increase in TSH and decrease in T3&T4 * **Cretinism** - Congenital hypothyroidism which causes stunded mental and physical growth

Answer 13

Supplemental T4 via Synthroid/Levothyroxine

Answer 14

Free T3 = 0.3% Free T4 = 0.03% Because of the large amounts of bound T3 & T4, bound hormone supply could last for more than a week, making the patient asymptomatic for up to a week.

Answer 15

C-Cells/Parafollicular cells of Thyroid via secretion of Calcitonin vs Cheif Cells of Parathyroid via secretion of PTH and Calcitrol

Answer 16

* Opposes the parathyroid * Responsible for blood Ca2+ regulation by secretion of calcitonin * If blood Ca2+ level is increased **calcitonin** is secreted * inhibits release of stored Ca2+ from bone * Increase Ca2+ excretion from kidneys

Answer 17

* Produced by C-Cells aka parafollicular cells of Thyroid Gland * If blood Ca2+ level is increased secreted Acts by * inhibiting release of stored Ca2+ from bone * Increasing Ca2+ excretion from kidneys

Answer 18

4 glands located on back side of thyroid gland control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones Chief cells (parathyroid) release PTH (parathyroid Hormone) in response to decreased levels of Ca2+ in the blood

Answer 19

PTH - Parathyroid Hormone produced in response to decreased levels of Ca2+ in the blood Causing * increase Ca2+ release from bone * decrease Ca2+ excretion from kidneys * Stimulate **calcitrol** (hormone) which increases Ca2+ absorbtion in digestive tract

Answer 20

a hormone which increases Ca2+ absorbtion in the digestive tract

Answer 21

Sits retro peritoneal to abdominal cavity on top of kidneys Triangular shaped Outside is the adrenal cortex; inside is the adrenal medulla **Adrenal cortex** is responsible for production of steroid hormone (corticosteroids) * 3 Categories of Steroids * Mineral Corticoid * Glucocorticosteroids * Androgen (hormone) **Adrenal Medulla** is responsible for E & NE production and release

Answer 22

* responsible for maintaining your internal electrolyte composition * primary example is Aldosterone which is responsible for the ***conservation of Na ions*** *and water, and secretion of K causing an increase in BP*

Answer 23

Responsible for Glucose metabolism CRH (Corticotropin Releasing hormone in Hypothalamus) stimulates ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) secretion which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce * Cortisone - along with adrenaline are the main hormones released in response to stress; elevating BP and preparing for fight or flight; used to reduce inflammation * Cortisol - aka Hydrocortisone - primary functions is to increase blood sugar by maintaining glucose levels in bloodstream and anti-inflammatory effects - supresses WBC = longer wound healing

Answer 24

*Cortisol* reduces how much tissues like skeletal muscle take up from the blood, ensuring that the blood will carry enough glucose to supply the brain which can not use other molecules for fuel Stress and sleep deprivation can cause higher Cortisol levels in the blood ≈ easier to gain weight

Answer 25

Sex cell / Reproductive Hormone Most common is Testosterone, Progesterone

Answer 26

Responsible for production of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Both are continuouslly produced/released Sympathetic Activation dramatically increases the rate of E & NE release

Answer 27

1. Cushings Syndrome - Longterm elevated glutocorticoids * leading to DM, +atheriosclerosis, +Na retention, +blood volume. * Presents with weight gain with spaing of the limbs, round face 2. Addisons Disease - chronic adrenal deficency/ insufficency * autoimmune disorder * cortisol destruction (hypoglycemia) leading to +Na excretion (aldesterone, mineral corticoid) and K retention ≈ hyperkalemia * potentiates electrolyte imbalance

Answer 28

Sits retroperitoneal in abdominal cavity, approx dead center Part of both the Digestive system 99% and the Endocrine System 1% Digestive system = Exocrine secretions onto surface of epithelial tissues ⇒ digestive enzymes Endocrine system - Endocrine secretions into ECF for management of glucose ⇒ production of insulin and glucagon

Answer 29

clusters of cells comprising 1% of all pancreatic cells _4 Types of cells_ 1. Alpha cells - production of glucagon 2. Beta cells - production of insulin 3. Delta cells - slows effects of food absorbtion; supresses insulin & glucagon production; produces peptide hormone similar to GHIH 4. F Cells - pancreatic polypeptide that regulates gallbladder & pancreatic enzymes

Answer 30

glucagon is secreted 1. promotes breakdown of glycogen into glucose 2. breakdown of fats into fatty acids 3. synthesis of glucose - process called "glyconeogenesis"

Answer 31

Insulin is secreted 1. Allows glucose transport into target cells 2. glucose utilization & generation of ATP 3. helps glucose convert to glycogen 4. participates in fat synthesis 5. amino acid absorption/protein synthesis

Answer 32

* Diabeties Melatus * Type I - Auto Immune destroyed * Type II - Environmental, can't keep up with elevated levels of glucose in bloodstream * Hypo/Hyperglycemia \*\*\*Normal Fasting BGL = 70-110\*\*\*

Answer 33

Tract & Accessory Organs

Answer 34

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum/Anus

Answer 35

1. **Ingestion** : Food enters into the mouth.digestive tract 2. **Mechanical:** Physical Manipulation of food into smaller organic fragments 3. **Digestion**: Chemical breakdown of food into smaller organic fragments 4. **Secretion**: release of water/enzymes/acid 5. **absorbtion**: movement of small molecules (nutrients) vitamins, water, etc. across digestive lining 6. **excretion**: Removal of waste products from body

Answer 36

* Mucosa - Consists of: Lamina Propria (connective tissue), Muscularis Mucosa (thin muscle layer), villi & plica * Sub-Mucosa - Consists of: Nerves & Blood vessels * Muscularis Externa - Consists of: Two layers (Inner-circular layer, outer-longitudinal layer) of smooth muscle, seperated by a layer of nerves * Serosa = Visceral Peritoneum consists of : visceral lining (next to organ), peritoneal fluid (sits between visceral & Parietal linings), and Parietal lining \*\*\*Acites - excess of peritoneal fluid side effect of kidney or liver disease and heart failure. ("Tight and jelly like skin")

Answer 37

**perstalsis**: rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle to propel food **segmentation**: mechanical mixing of materials

Answer 38

**Local Control** - paracrine communication; chemicals released into ECF affecting small portion of digestive tract ie. the release of histamine and stomach acid in stomach **Neural Control** - Parasympathetic stimulation promotes digestion activities. \*\*\*Sympathetic inhibits digestion primarially because it shunts blood flow away from digestive processes.\*\*\* **Hormonal Control** - 18 Hormones; increasing/decreasing smooth muscle cell response to neural stimulation

Answer 39

double layer - serous membrane that anchors portions of the digestive tract Pathway of certain nerves and bloodvessels

Answer 40

* Lined by mucous membrane * Teeth * Tounge * Salivary Glands \*Pharanyx

Answer 41

* Incisors - blade shaped for clipping and cutting * Cuspids - Cone shaped for tearing and slashing * Bicuspids(premolars) & Molars - Flattened Crowns for mashing and grinding \*2 sets of molars, sometimes 3 with wisdom teeth

Answer 42

1. Mechanical Processing of food 2. Manipulation of food for chewing 3. Sensory analysis

Answer 43

* Parotid - anterior to ear: produces ***salivary amylase enzyme*** which is digestive enzyme necessary to break down startches; **only part of digestion that begins in the mouth** * SubLingual - Floor of mouth * SubMandibular - Floor of mouth

Answer 44

Common pathway for food and air Contains muscles that are responsible for swallowing

Answer 45

* 10 Inches long; 3/4 in diameter * Upper Esophageal Sphincter * Top Third - Skeletal Muscle * Middle Third - Skeletal & Smooth Muscle * Bottom Third - Smooth Muscle * Lower Esophagus Sphincter - normally contracted to keep stomach acid out of esophagus \*Heart Burn is result of weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter \*\*Esophageal Hiatus - hole in diaphram that allows passage of esophagus into stomach \*\*\*Hiatial Hernia - When tear forms at hiatus and intestines pass into lower pressure cavity above diaphram

Answer 46

begins voluntarially ⇒ involuntary \*Tounge compacts food into bolus 1 - Oral Phase \*Compression of bolus against hard palate 2- Pharyngeal Phase \*bolus contacts sensory receptors in pharynx, initiates involuntary swallowing reflex \*muscles contract, forcing food through the upper esophageal sphincter 3- Esophageal Phase \* bolus pushed towards stomach via peristalsis

Answer 47

1. Cardia - Where the contents of the esophagus empty into the stomach. 2. Fundus- Formed by the upper curvature of the organ 3. Body -The main, central region 4. Pyloris - The lower section of the organ that facilitates emptying the contents into the small intestine \*Pyloric Spincter - Empties into the small intestine

Answer 48

* is a condition that causes severe projectile non-bilious vomiting in the first few months of life. * There is narrowing (stenosis) of the opening from the stomach to the first part of the small intestine known as the duodenum, due to enlargement (hypertrophy) of the muscle surrounding this opening (the pylorus, meaning "gate"), which spasms when the stomach empties.

Answer 49

* Can hold approximatle 1-1.5 liters of food * When empty, colapses flat on itself, internal foldin wall called the gastric **Rugae** * 3 Muscular layers * Longitudinal * Circular - which controls the movement of **chyme** into the duodenum and forms pyloric spinchter * inner-oblique - This layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food. It is the only layer of the three which is not seen in other parts of the digestive system. \*myenteric plexus is found between the outer longitundinal and the middle circular layer and is responsible for the innervation of both (causing peristalsis and mixing)

Answer 50

* Comprised of thousands of ***gastric pit/glands*** that secrete hormones/enzymes and secretions onto the surface of the stomachs epitlelial lining * Cell types associated with mucosa of stomach * Mucous cells - provides protective lining of stomach goal is to prevent any absorption from taking place in stomach * Gastric gland * **parietal cells** which produce **HCl** and **intrinsic factor** * Chief Cells - produces pepsinogen (proteolytic enzyme (pepsin)) once activated \*-ogen - precursor to activated form ie nitrogen - nitrate

Answer 51

Produces * HCl - * acts as a barrier against microorganisms to prevent infections and is important for the digestion of food. * Its low pH denatures proteins and thereby makes them susceptible to degradation by digestive enzymes such as pepsin. * The low pH also activates the enzyme precursor pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin by self-cleavage * Intrinsic Factor (GIF) - facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine

Answer 52

* release pepsinogen when stimulated by vagus nerve, gastrin & secretin * works in conjunction with the parietal cell, which releases gastric acid, converting the pepsinogen into pepsin \*\*-ogen's must be converted to substrate before they can be used ie nitr**ogen** to nitrate

Answer 53

secretions plus partially digested food which then passes into the small intestine

Answer 54

1. Temporary Storage of ingested food 2. Mechanical breakdown of ingested food 3. breakdown of chemical bonds by acid/enzymes 4. Production of intrinsic factor (promotes absoprtion of B12)

Answer 55

Begins when you first see/think about food stimulation via vagus nerve **initiates secretion of:** **muscous** **pepsinogen** **HCl**

Answer 56

Arrival of food in stomach: Space is made avaliable by stretching out to accomodate food intake Chemoreceptors cause mixing of contents (segmentation) \*\*Endocrine cells - secrete gastrin into bloodstream which stimulates stomach to increase production of digestive agents *** Muscous/Pepsinogen/HCl*** (positive feedback)

Answer 57

Lower esophageal sphincter is closed and pyloric sphincter is open Chyme begins to enter the small intestine Endocrine cells cause secretion of: **GIP/Secretin/CCK** which causes negative feedback inhibition of **pepsinogen/muscous/HCl**

Answer 58

Digestion process is not completed as food enters small intestine Alcohol & caffeine help to promote gastric motility and gastric emptying

Answer 59

Where 90% of nutrient absorption takes place Immediatley follows Pyloric Sphincter 20' long 1-1.6" in diameter Three parts: duodenum/jejunum/ileum Duodenum is bottom end of Upper GI, remainder of Small intestine (jejunum, ileum) part of lower GI tract

Answer 60

10" long retroperiotneal - sits along side kidneys and pancreas recieves food from stomach digestige secretion from lower pancreas Bottom limit of upper GI

Answer 61

8' Long further chemical digestion nutrient absorption begining of lower GI

Answer 62

12' Long ends at ileocecal valve which seperates small from large intestine nutrient absorption chemical digestion

Answer 63

* finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall * the villi together increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold and 60-fold * Villus capillaries collect amino acids and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream * Villus lacteals (lymph capillary) collect absorbed fatty acids and lipids and transported in the lymphatic fluid

Answer 64

and increase in stress and sympathetic stimulation dries the secretions (diverts blood away from digestive tract) which can cause ulcers

Answer 65

Gastrin (promoting) Secretin (Inhibitory) Cholecystolkinin (Inhibitory) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (Inhibitory)

Answer 66

* promotes GI motility * increases secretion of muscous/pepsinogen/HCl in stomach which is released by duodenal endocrine cells

Answer 67

**Addelson:**low pH in sm Intestine ⇒ Increase in secretion of bile and buffers Chyme entering small intestine has low pH due to mixture of food with gastric acid, Secretin inhibits production of gastric acid and promotes production of bile and buffers. **WIKI:** regulates the pH within the duodenum by inhibiting gastric acid secretion by the parietal cells of the stomach, and by stimulating bicarbonate production

Answer 68

released due to presence of Proteins/Lipids that are partialy digested ⇒ causes increased secretion of digestive enzymes and production of bile in high concentration ⇒ it lowers gastric motily

Answer 69

- released in response to arrival of fats and carbohydrates in small intestine inhibits gastric activity (negative feedback) promotes the release of insulin

Answer 70

1% Endocrine 99% excocrine ⇒ releases pancreatic juices (buffers & enzymes) * Carbohydrases ⇒ Sugar Starch * Proteases ⇒ Proteins * Lipase ⇒ Lipids * nucleases ⇒ nucleic acids * watery alkaline mixture which contains sodium bicarb NaHCO3 Pancreatic duct penetrates duodenum (with common bile duct) hepatopic sphincter guards against release of pancreatic juice \*\*-ase = enzyme

Endocrine/Digestion/Nutrition Flashcards

(94 cards)