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BDS2 BASICS > Endocrine Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrine disease?

A

Dysfunction of hormone secreting glands

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2
Q

What kind of regulation is present in endocrine disease

A

= negative feedback regulation
= increase level of control hormone causes a reduction in secretion of the active hormone

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3
Q

What 2 types of failure can endocrine disease be?

A

control failure (secondary)
gland failure (primary)

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4
Q

True of false: endocrine disease does not have multisystem effects

A

False

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5
Q

3 types of Multiple endocrine neoplasia

A

MEN1
MEN2a
MEN2b

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6
Q

Describe MEN1?

A

= parathyroid
= pancreatic islets
= pituitary (anterior)
= associated tumours: adrenal cortex, carcinoid, lipoma

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7
Q

Describe MEN2a?

A

= parathyroid
= medullary thyroid
= phaechromocytoma

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8
Q

describe MEN2b?

A

= medullary thyroid, phaechromocytoma
- mucosal neuromas (small swellings on nerves present on the tissue)

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9
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

Small depression in the middle of the skull base

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10
Q

2 components of the pituitary gland?

A

= anterior
= posterior

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11
Q

Anterior component of pituitary gland?

A

served by vascular plexus and releases hormones in hypothalamus that are secreted into the vascular tissue and passes down to anterior pituitary to cause effect

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12
Q

Posterior component of pituitary gland?

A

both vascular and neurological control can trigger the hormone secretion

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13
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

= visual fields cross - just infront of the pituitary stock
= any growth in pituitary gland will head upwards due to pressure and cause trauma and pressure to optic chiasm

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14
Q

What control does the pituitary gland have?

A

= hypothalamic control -releasing hormones

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary: releases stimulating hormones for different glands. what are the hormones?

A

= Thyroid stimulating hormone
= growth hormone
= LH FSH prolcatin
= adenocorticotrophic hormone

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16
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A
  • ADH- anti diuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
17
Q

What happens if inadequate ADH secreted?

A

diabetes insipidus

18
Q

What are pituitary tumours and what can they effect?

A

= usually dysfunction from adenomas
= usually arise from glandular tissue and teh gland becomes a tumour which grows
= can only expand up the way and will cause a mass effect upon the optic chiasm

19
Q

Name 2 types of pituitary tumours

A

functional adenomas - produces active hormone
non functional adenomas - space occupying

20
Q

what can occur if great increase of growth hormone

A

acromegaly

21
Q

What is beneath the optic chiasm

A

sella turcica

22
Q

how can a tumour growth affect vision

A

when the tumour grows up and out of the sella turcica it compresses the central area of the optic chiasm

23
Q

What is the most common way to remove pituitary tumours

A

trans-sphenoidal surgery

24
Q

What can happen if there is insufficient growth hormone in children vs adults

A

children: growth failure
adults: metabolic changes, increased fat and reduced vitality

25
Q

What is growth hormone under the control of

A

the hypothalamus

26
Q

How are growth hormone levels measured

A

IGF-1

27
Q

Excess growth hormone : children vs adults

A

= children: giantism
= adults: acromegaly (large feet/hands)

28
Q

Dental note about acromegaly

A

change in occlusion after growth has stopped
spacing of the teeth
intra oral changes: enlarged tongue, interdental spacing, shrunk dentures, reverse overbite

29
Q

What is thyroid excess

A

hyperthyroidism - increased metabolism

30
Q

what is thyroid deficiency

A

hypothyroidism

31
Q

What is the most common disease present in hyperthyroidism patients? and what % of cases

A

Graves disease - 70-80%

32
Q

How does graves disease work?

A

= auto antibodies
= this is an autoimmune disease the body produces an antibody which is similar to TSH receptor

33
Q

Name 4 instances of hyperthyroidism?

A

= graves disease
= toxic- multi-nodular goitre
= toxic adenoma
= pituitary tumour (rare)

34
Q

Signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

= increases metabolic rate

= warm moist skin
= tachycardia and AF
= increased BP and heart failure
= tremor and hyperflexia
= eyelid retraction and lid lag

35
Q

symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

= hot and excess sweating, weight loss, diarrhoea
= palpitations and muscle weakness
= irritable, manic, anxious

36
Q

What is often the cause of graves disease?

A

family history of autoimmune disease (vitiligo, type 1 DM, coeliac)

37
Q

Primary hypothyroidism

A

= autoimmune thyroiditis (HASHIMOTO’S)
= iodine deficiency
= drugs- lithium, carbimazole
= congenital

38
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism

A

= hypothalamic/ pituitary disease

39
Q

Hypothyroidism signs ?

A

= dry coarse skin
= goitre (HASHIMOTO’s)
= delayed reflexes
=bradychardia

BDS2 BASICS (8 decks)

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