Endocrine disorders, Small Animals(DM) Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is diabetes Mellitus in small animals?
A chronic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency
What are the 2 types of DM in dogs and cats ?
Dogs: Type 1 (insulin dependent)
Cats : Type 2 ( non insulin dependent depends on severity of insulin resistance and islet amyloidosis)
What is main treatment of DM in cats?
- Insulin and oral anti-diabetics
What leads to hyperglycemia in DM
Insulin deficiency reduces cellular glucose uptake and increases hepatic glucose production
What is the effect of DM on fat metabolism?
Increased lipolysis leading to ketone body production and potential ketoacidosis
What’s are the classic signs of DM in small animals?
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Lethargy
Others- weight loss, blurred vision, genital itching
What additional signs are seen in diabetic cats ?
Plantigrade stance due to diabetic neuropathy
How is DM diagnosed in small animals?
Persistent fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria
What diagnostic test helps differentiate stress hyperglycemia from the true DM in cats?
Serum fructosamine concentration
What is the cornerstone of DM treatment in dogs and cats ?
Insulin therapy
Which insulin types are commonly used in dogs?
NPH(intermediate-acting) , Lente insulin
Which insulin types are commonly used in dogs?
Glargine or protamine zinc insulin (PZI)
What is the role of diet in managing DM in cats ?
High protein , low carbohydrates diets help improve glycemic control
What are tools for monitoring diabetic control?
Clinical signs
Serial blood glucose curves
Fructosamine levels
Urine glucose and ketone monitoring
What 2 major complication of DM
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hypoglycemia
What are signs of DKA?
Vomiting , dehydration , lethargy, fruity breath odor
Which species is more likely to go into diabetic remission
Cats, especially if treated early and appropriately
Other complications associated with DM?
Cataracts ( dogs)
Lens induced uveitis ( dogs)
Systemic hypertension (dogs)
Peripheral neuropathy (cats)
Diabetes is a risk factor for?
Heart attack
Stroke
Decreased blood circulation leading to gangrene ( ie foot)
Goals of treatment of DM?
Alleviate symptoms
Prevent active metabolic complications
Prevent long term complications ie retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy( micro vascular )
Heart attack , stroke ( macrovascular )
Give dose used in diabetes in dogs
Lente and NPH insulin required = 0.2 to 1 U/kg median dose = 0.5 U/kg/injection
To avoid hypoglycemia start at low dose ie 0.25U/kg BD
How does exercise aid in glycemic control
Eliminate insulin resistance induced by obesity
Ideal blood glucose concentrations range
100-259 mg/dL throughout the day
