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DMD 5248 > endocrine embryo and histo (reynolds) > Flashcards

endocrine embryo and histo (reynolds) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the “master regulator” of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

3 actions of the hypothalamus

A

secretes ADH and oxytocin; directly innervates the adrenal glands; regulates the pituitary gland with hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones

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3
Q

what type of cells make up the hypothalamus

A

neurons and glial cells

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4
Q

2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum and rathkes pouch

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5
Q

where does the infundibulum form from?

A

nervous system (extension of the dicephalon)

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6
Q

where does rathkes pouch form from?

A

stomodeum (evagination at the stomodeum)

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7
Q

t/f. both the infundubulum and rathkes pouch are mesoderm

A

false. ectoderm

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8
Q

3 parts of rakes pouch

A

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedius

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9
Q

adenohypophesis

A

rathkes pouch

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10
Q

neurohypophesis

A

infundibulum

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11
Q

what makes up the post pituitary?

A

infundibulum (and median eminence)

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12
Q

what makes up the ant pituitary?

A

rathkes pouch

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13
Q

major cell types in ant pit

A

chromophobes and chromophils

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14
Q

examples of chromophils

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, prolactin, FSH, LH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ADH and oxytocin are indirect from hypothalamus)

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15
Q

what is in the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

A

inferior parathyroid and thymus

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16
Q

what is in the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

sup parathyroid and ultimupharyngeal body

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17
Q

what is the fate of the ultimopharyngeal body?

A

becomes parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin

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18
Q

cell types of the thyroid

A

follicular cells and parafollicular cells

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19
Q

where are the follicular cells from?

A

migrate form the foramen secum

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20
Q

where are the parafollicular cells form?

A

pouch 4

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21
Q

what do follicular cells do

A

secrete T3 and T4

22
Q

histology of follicular cells

A

simple cuboidal

23
Q

what do parathyroid cells do

A

secrete calitonin

24
Q

cretinism

A

disorder when thyroid fails to develop

25
Q

how does the parathyroid form?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch

26
Q

2 parts of the adrenal gland

A

medulla and cortex

27
Q

what germ layer does the medulla come from

A

ectoderm (ANS)

28
Q

what germ layer does the cortex come from?

A

mesoderm (gonads)

29
Q

what type of cells are in the medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

30
Q

what do chromaffin cells do?

A

secrete catecholamines

31
Q

what does the cortex do?

A

secrete steroid hormones

32
Q

t/f. the cortex is made of 4 layers

A

false. 3 layers

33
Q

t/f. the pancreas has exocrine and endocrine funciton

A

true

34
Q

where does the pancreas form from

A

1 dorsal pancreatic bud and 2 ventral pancreatic buds off the GI

35
Q

annular pancreas

A

a disorder when the buds of the pancreas fail to fuse properly, obstructing the duodenum

36
Q

major cell type of the pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

37
Q

germ layer of islets of langerhans

A

endoderm

38
Q

most numerous islet cell

A

beta

39
Q

what do alpha islet cells secrete

A

glucAgon

40
Q

what do beta islet cells secrete

A

insulin

41
Q

what do delta islet cells secrete

A

somatostatin

42
Q

what determines an endocrine cell response

A

receptors of the target cell

43
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

base of the brain

44
Q

where are ADH and oxytocin stored

A

after neurosecretory cells are produced in the hypothalamus, they are transported through the distal ends of the neurons into the post pituitary and are released in the bloodstream as needed

45
Q

cell type of parathyroid

A

chief cells and oxyphil (minor)

46
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

make PTH (antagonist to calcitonin)

47
Q

where does the thymus originate from?

A

3rd pouch

48
Q

where is the thyroid?

A

just below the larynx

49
Q

what activates the thyroid?

A

TSH form the ant pit

50
Q

what do T3 and T4 do?

A

increase metabolism and helps growth and development; require iodine for synthesis

DMD 5248 (7 decks)

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