endocrine embryo and histo (reynolds)

Question 1

what is the “master regulator” of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

3 actions of the hypothalamus

Answer 2

secretes ADH and oxytocin; directly innervates the adrenal glands; regulates the pituitary gland with hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 3

what type of cells make up the hypothalamus

Answer 3

neurons and glial cells

Question 4

2 parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 4

infundibulum and rathkes pouch

Question 5

where does the infundibulum form from?

Answer 5

nervous system (extension of the dicephalon)

Question 6

where does rathkes pouch form from?

Answer 6

stomodeum (evagination at the stomodeum)

Question 7

t/f. both the infundubulum and rathkes pouch are mesoderm

Answer 7

false. ectoderm

Question 8

3 parts of rakes pouch

Answer 8

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedius

Question 9

adenohypophesis

Answer 9

rathkes pouch

Question 10

neurohypophesis

Answer 10

infundibulum

Question 11

what makes up the post pituitary?

Answer 11

infundibulum (and median eminence)

Question 12

what makes up the ant pituitary?

Answer 12

rathkes pouch

Question 13

major cell types in ant pit

Answer 13

chromophobes and chromophils

Question 14

examples of chromophils

Answer 14

ACTH, TSH, GH, prolactin, FSH, LH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ADH and oxytocin are indirect from hypothalamus)

Question 15

what is in the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 15

inferior parathyroid and thymus

Question 16

what is in the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 16

sup parathyroid and ultimupharyngeal body

Question 17

what is the fate of the ultimopharyngeal body?

Answer 17

becomes parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin

Question 18

cell types of the thyroid

Answer 18

follicular cells and parafollicular cells

Question 19

where are the follicular cells from?

Answer 19

migrate form the foramen secum

Question 20

where are the parafollicular cells form?

Answer 20

pouch 4

Question 21

what do follicular cells do

Answer 21

secrete T3 and T4

Question 22

histology of follicular cells

Answer 22

simple cuboidal

Question 23

what do parathyroid cells do

Answer 23

secrete calitonin

Question 24

cretinism

Answer 24

disorder when thyroid fails to develop

Question 25

how does the parathyroid form?

Answer 25

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch

Question 26

2 parts of the adrenal gland

Answer 26

medulla and cortex

Question 27

what germ layer does the medulla come from

Answer 27

ectoderm (ANS)

Question 28

what germ layer does the cortex come from?

Answer 28

mesoderm (gonads)

Question 29

what type of cells are in the medulla?

Answer 29

chromaffin cells

Question 30

what do chromaffin cells do?

Answer 30

secrete catecholamines

Question 31

what does the cortex do?

Answer 31

secrete steroid hormones

Question 32

t/f. the cortex is made of 4 layers

Answer 32

false. 3 layers

Question 33

t/f. the pancreas has exocrine and endocrine funciton

Answer 33

true

Question 34

where does the pancreas form from

Answer 34

1 dorsal pancreatic bud and 2 ventral pancreatic buds off the GI

Question 35

annular pancreas

Answer 35

a disorder when the buds of the pancreas fail to fuse properly, obstructing the duodenum

Question 36

major cell type of the pancreas

Answer 36

islets of langerhans

Question 37

germ layer of islets of langerhans

Answer 37

endoderm

Question 38

most numerous islet cell

Answer 38

beta

Question 39

what do alpha islet cells secrete

Answer 39

glucAgon

Question 40

what do beta islet cells secrete

Answer 40

insulin

Question 41

what do delta islet cells secrete

Answer 41

somatostatin

Question 42

what determines an endocrine cell response

Answer 42

receptors of the target cell

Question 43

where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 43

base of the brain

Question 44

where are ADH and oxytocin stored

Answer 44

after neurosecretory cells are produced in the hypothalamus, they are transported through the distal ends of the neurons into the post pituitary and are released in the bloodstream as needed

Question 45

cell type of parathyroid

Answer 45

chief cells and oxyphil (minor)

Question 46

what do chief cells do?

Answer 46

make PTH (antagonist to calcitonin)

Question 47

where does the thymus originate from?

Answer 47

3rd pouch

Question 48

where is the thyroid?

Answer 48

just below the larynx

Question 49

what activates the thyroid?

Answer 49

TSH form the ant pit

Question 50

what do T3 and T4 do?

Answer 50

increase metabolism and helps growth and development; require iodine for synthesis