Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Secretory product of endocrine cells and organs that passes into the circulatory system (bloodstream) for transport to target cells.

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

The hormone is secreted from one cell and acts on adjacent cell that expressed the specific receptors.

Answer 2

Paracrine

Question 3

A cell that may produce molecules that act on themselves or on cells of the same type

Answer 3

Autocrine

Question 4

A signaling molecule that remains on the secreting cell’s surface or adjacent extracellular matrix and affects target cells when the cells make contact.

Answer 4

Juxtacrine

Question 5

A type of hormone that is particularly important in embryonic and regenerative tissue interactions.

Answer 5

Juxtacrine

Question 6

These are often also target organs for other hormones that can establish a feedback mechanism to control hormone secretion and keep blood hormonal levels within strict limits.

Answer 6

Endocrine glands

Question 7

Lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica (saddle)

Answer 7

Pituirary gland (hypophysis)

Question 8

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is formed in the embryo partly from the developing _________ and partly from the developing _________.

Answer 8

Brain and oral cavity respectively

Question 9

Retains many histologic features of brain tissue

Answer 9

neurohypophysis

Question 10

Secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules.

Answer 10

Chromophils

Question 11

These stain weakly, with few or no secretory granules, and also represent a heterogeneous group including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells as well as any degranulated cells present.

Answer 11

Chromophobes

Question 12

growth hormone

Answer 12

somatotrophs

Question 13

prolactin

Answer 13

lactotrophs

Question 14

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Answer 14

corticotrophs

Question 15

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Answer 15

gonadotrophs

Question 16

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 16

thyrotrophs

Question 17

smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

Answer 17

pars tuberalis

Question 18

Refers to most of the cells of the pars tuberalis

Answer 18

gonadotrophs

Question 19

Thin zone of basophilic cells between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis

Answer 19

pars intermedia

Question 20

Storage site for neurosecretions

Answer 20

Posterior pituitary

Question 21

Pituicytes resemble __________

Answer 21

astrocytes

Question 22

most abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary

Answer 22

pituicytes

Question 23

frequent urination

Answer 23

polyuria

Question 24

increased thirst

Answer 24

polydipsia

Question 25

Stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbith and the myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland.

Answer 25

Oxytocin

Question 26

Regulates pituitary gland activity

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

An increase in one of the stimulating hormone would trigger an increase of the effector gland hormone

Answer 27

positive loop

Question 28

An increase in the level of the effector gland hormone would suppress the release of the stimulating hormone

Answer 28

negative feedback loop

Question 29

Regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities

Answer 29

pineal gland/epiphysis cerebri

Question 30

chief cells of the pineal gland

Answer 30

pinealocytes

Question 31

Calcified concretions of the pinealocytes

Answer 31

corpora arenacea/brain sand

Question 32

These cells produce melatonin

Answer 32

Pinealocytes

Question 33

half-moon shaped flattened structure

Answer 33

adrenal gland

Question 34

This affects carbohydrate metabolism and can also induce fat mobilization and muscle proteolysis

Answer 34

Cortisol

Question 35

A highly vascular, butterfly-shaped gland

Answer 35

thyroid

Question 36

Help control the basal metabolic rate in cells throughout the body

Answer 36

thyroid hormones thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine

Question 37

Excessive growth of thyroid follicles and enlargement of the thyroid gland

Answer 37

goiter

Question 38

The only endocrine gland in which a large quantity of secretory product is stored

Answer 38

thyroid

Question 39

principal cells responsible for the production of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3

Answer 39

follicular cells

Question 40

An important regulator of blood calcium levels

Answer 40

parathyroid hormone

Question 41

secrete primarily glucagon

Answer 41

A cells

Question 42

produce insulin

Answer 42

B cells

Question 43

secrete somatostatin

Answer 43

D cells

Question 44

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 44

PP cells

Question 45

Plays a role in regulating motility and secretions of all types within the digestive system

Answer 45

diffuse neuroendocrine system