Integumentary System Flashcards by Keizel Galupo

largest single organ of the body

skin

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Lies beneath the dermis that is a loose connective tissue layer containing pads of adipocytes

subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

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Extensions of the epidermis to the dermis

Epidermal ridges

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Connects the dermis to the epidermis

Dermal papillae

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A function of the skin that provides a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction and against most potential pathogens and other material.

Protective

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A function of the skin that allows us to feel tactile objects

Sensory

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A function of the skin that are mechanisms for accelarating heat loss (sweat production)

Thermoregulatory

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A function of the skin where cells synthesize vitamin D3, needed in calcium metabolism and proper bone formation, through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor

Metabolic

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A function of the skin where the effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are important in attraction between sexes in all vertebrates.

sexual signaling

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The epidermis is composed of cells called _____

keratinocytes

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antigen-presenting cells

langerhan cells

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pigment-producing cells

melanocytes

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tactile epithelial cells

merkel cells

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single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells characterized by intense mitotic activity

Stratum basale

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The important feature of the stratum basale

cytoskeletal keratins

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Source of alive skin cells

Stratum basale

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Refers to the thickest layer where synthesis of much keratin and other proteins takes place

Stratum spinosum

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Prickle cells

Stratum spinosum

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Its synthesis would give the cell a spiny extension

Stratum spinosum

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Precursor for keratin

Tonofibrils

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Microscopically visible bundles where keratin filaments assembles which converge and terminate at the numerous desmosomes holding the cell layers together

Tonofibrils

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Consists of three to five layers of flattened cells, now undergoing the terminal differentiation process of keratinization

Stratum granulosum

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Characteristic features in cells of the granular layer also include Golgi-derived ________ granules

lamellar

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The precursor of protein filaggrin which is important in the aggregation of keratin granules that undergo exocytosis, producing a lipid-rich, impermeable layer around the cells

Lamellar granules

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This material forms a major part of the skin's barrier against water loss

Lamellar granules

This consists of a thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes held together by desmosomes that is considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum.

Stratum lucidum

Stratum lucidum is well seen in ______.

Thick skin

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

Stratum corneum

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

Stratum corneum

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

Stratum corneum

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

Stratum corneum

Predominant cell type of the epidermis

Keratinocytes

Produce and distribute melanin into keratinocytes

Melenocytes

A transmembrane enzyme in Golgi-derived vesicles that catalyzes the first step in melanin synthesis

tyrosinase

Tyrosinase activity converts tyrosine into _____________which is then further transformed and polymerized into the different forms of melanin

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

Melanin pigment is linked to a matrix of structural proteins and accumulates in the vesicles until they form mature elliptical granules about 1-μm long called ________.

melanosomes

Derived from monocytes, dendritic appearing, antigen presenting cells in the epidermis

Langerhans cells

It possesses characteristic, tennis racquet- shaped Birbeck granules

Langherhans cells

Epithelial tactile cells

Merkel cells

Low-threshold mechanoreceptors essential for sensing gentle touch

Merkel Cells

A type of cell that is abundant in highly sensitive skin like that of fingertips and at the basses of some hair follicles

merkel cells

A layer of connective tissue that supports the epidermis and binds it to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

Dermis

Lies between the papillary and reticular dermal layers from which capillary branches extend into the dermal papillae and form a rich, nutritive capillary network just below the epidermis.

microvascular subpapillary plexus

peg-and-socket variety in most skin

dermal-epidermal interdigitations

more subject to friction

palms and soles

Combinations of loops, arches, and whorls that is also known as fingerprints and footprints

dermatoglyphs

This thin sublayer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue, with types I and III collagen fibers, fibroblasts and scattered mast cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes. From this layer, anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen insert into the basal lamina, helping to bind the dermis to the epidermis.

Papillary layer

This much thicker sublayer of the dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue (mainly bundles of type I collagen), with more fibers and fewer cells than the papillary layer.

Reticular layer

A network of elastic fibers is also present in this type of dermis sublayer providing elasticity to the skin.

Reticular layer

In the reticular layer of the dermis sublayer, between the collagen and elastic fibers are abundant ______ rich in dermatan sulfate.

proteoglycans

Consists of loose connective tissue that binds the skin loosely to the subjacent organs, making it possible for the skin to slide over them

Hypodermis or superficial fascia

Promotes rapid uptake of insulin or drugs injected into this tissue

Extensive vascular supply

Receivers for various stimuli from the environment

Sensory receptors

The following are unencapsulated sensory receptors, except: A. Merkel Cells B. Free nerve endings C. Root hair plexuses D. Meissner corpuscles

D. Meissner corpuscles

The following are encapsulated sensory receptors, except: A. Meissner corpuscles B. Ruffini corpuscles C. Lamellated corpuscles D. Krause end bulbs E. NOTA

E. NOTA

Tonic receptors for sustaned light touch and for sensing an object's texture

Merkel cells

Most numerous neuronal receptors in the epidermis that respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain, and itching, but also function as tactile receptors

Free nerve endings

A web of sensory fibers surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the retricular dermis that detects movements of the hairs

root hair plexuses

All phasic mechanoreceptors responding rapidly to stimuli on the skin

Encapsulated

Elliptical structures, consisting of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged perpendicular to the epidermis in the dermal papillae

Meissner corpuscles

Touch receptors that are responsive to low frequency stimuli in the papillary layer of hairless skin (lips, palms, fingertips) but decline slowly during aging after puberty

Meissner corpuscles

The wall of the rectum and urinary bladder where they produce the sensation of pressure when the surrounding tissue is distorted.

Pacinian corpuscles

Specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibrations, with distortion of the capsule amplifying a mechanical stimulus to the axonal core where an impulse is initiated.

Pacinian corpuscles

Simpler encapsulated, ovoid structures with extremely thin, collagenous capsules penetrated by a sensory fiber found primarily in the skin of the penis and clitoris where they sense low frequency vibrations and cold temperature

Krause end bulbs (genital corpuscles)

Having sensory axons stimulated by stretch (tension) or twisting (torque) in the skin: E.g. pinching someone. It can also detect warm temperature.

Ruffini corpuscles

Elongated keratinized structures that form within epidermal invagination the hair follicles

Hair

the terminal dilation of a growing hair follicle

hair bulb

this is required to sustain the hair follicle

capillary network

A part of a hair extending beyond the skin surface

hair shaft

T or F. Hairs grow discontinuously, with periods of growth followed by periods of rest, and this growth occurs synchronously in all regions of the body or even in the same area.

False. It does not occur synchronously in all regions of the body or even in the same area

Hair growth cycle major phase: a period of growth

anagen

Hair growth cycle major phase: a period where growth is halt

catagen

Hair growth cycle major phase: A final long period of inactivity or long rest period during which the hair may be shed

telogen

In most thick hairs, this is being formed by the large, vacuolated, and moderately keratinized cells of the hair root.

central medulla

These make up the cortex around the medulla.

Heavily keratinized, densely packed cells

Covers the cortex

cuticle

Hard palates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx

nail

Embedded in the dermis over most of the body, except in the skin of the palms and soles.

Sebaceous glands

A hair follicle and its associated sebaceous glands make up a _________ unit.

pilosebaceous

Cells of the sebaceous glands

sebocytes

Refers to an oil release from sebaceous gland

Sebum

A complex mixture of lipids that includes wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and triglycerides that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes after secretion.

Sebum

T or F. Secretion from sebaceous glands increases greatly at puberty, stimulated primarily by testosterone in men and by ovarian and adrenal androgens in women.

True

Helps maintain the stratum corneum and hair shafts and exerts weak antibacterial and antifungal properties

Sebum

A type of sweat gland that is widely distributed in the skin and are most numerous on the foot soles.

Eccrine Sweat glands

A physiologic response to increased body temperature during physical exercise or thermal stress that is the most effective means of temperature regulation of humans

Sweating

The development of this type of sweat glands depend on sex hormones and is not complete and functional until after puberty.

Apocrine sweat glands

What is being referred to below: sweat pore; stratified cuboidal

eccrine

What is being referred to below: hair shaft; simple cuboidal; larger lumen

apocrine