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Physiology 2 > endocrine glands > Flashcards

endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

feedback loops of hormones produced by glands. Hormones are released directly into bloodstream and have affects on distant target organs
no ducts

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2
Q

what type of hormones are released by hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormone

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3
Q

what type of hormones are released by Ant. pituitary?

A

tropic hormone

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4
Q

where is pituitary gland found?

A

base of brain

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5
Q

posterior pituitary

A

contains neural tissue - continuation of hypothalamus

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6
Q

hypophysis

A

in pituitary fossa of sella turcica
covered by dura
extension of hypothalamus

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7
Q

where is the cavernous sinus?

A

inside 3rd ventricle

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8
Q

what are the cell types in the anterior pituitary

A 
somatotropes
corticotropes
thyrotropes
gondotropes
lactotropes
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9
Q

somatotropes

A

CHRH and somatostatin released from the hypothalamus, causing HGH - growth hormones to be released from anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Thyrotropes

A

TSH released by anterior pituitary

controlled by TRH and somatostatin from hypothalamus

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11
Q

gondotropes

A

LH and FSH

controlled by GnRH from hypothalamus

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12
Q

lactotropes

A

Prolactin
Inhibitory control by
dopamine
TRH and oxytocin and ADH

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13
Q

posterior pituitary

A 
neurohypophysis
extension of hypothalamus 
consists of axonal tissue
hormones are made in hypothalamus but are secreted here.
ADH and oxytocin released
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14
Q

pituitary disease

A

hypo or hyper

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15
Q

apoplexy

A

bleed

no pituitary hormones

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16
Q

adenomas

A

macro/ micro

benign tumour of the pituitary gland/ glandular tissue

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17
Q

location of pituitary gland

A

within cavernous sinus

below optic chiasm

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18
Q

thyroid gland

A

anterior of neck between C5-T1
deep to inferior strap muscles
anterior lateral to larynx and trachea

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19
Q

muscles of hyroid

A

sternothyroid and sternohyoid

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20
Q

structure of thyroid

A

covered by fibrous capsule

2 lobes joined by isthmus

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21
Q

what is thyroid made up o f?

A

follicles
follicular cells surround the follicles
colloid fluid fills the space
parafollicular cells

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22
Q

where are parafollicular cells found and what do they do

A

around the outside of follicular cells of thyroid and produce calcitonin

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23
Q

arterial supply of endocrine glands

A

highly vascular

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24
Q

arterial supply of thyroid

A

superior - external carotid branch
inferior - thyrocervical trunk from subclavian
thyroid ima artery from brachiocephalic trunk
extensive anastomosies

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25
Q

thyroid ima artery

A

only in 10% of people

runs up trachea, relevant in trachiotomy

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26
Q

venous drainage of thyroid

A

superior thyroid veins - to internal jugular vein
middle thyroid veins - to internal jugular vein
inferior thyroid veins - to brachiocephalic veins

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27
Q

lymphatic drainage of thyroid

A

local chain of lymph nodes

thoracic duct

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28
Q

nerve supply of thyroid

A

autonomic - sympathetic ganglia
superior, inferior and middle cervical
vasomotor control of blood supply but hormone secretion controlled by releasing hormones from pituitary and hypothalamus

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29
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

related to inferior thyroid artery

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30
Q

corticotropes

A

corticotropin releasing hormone released by hypothalamus which causes adrenocorticotropin to be released from anterior pituitary

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31
Q

apoplexy

A

haemorrhage or infarction of pituitary gland

32
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A 
tiredness
weight gain
depression
sensitivity to cold
dry skin and hair
muscle aches
33
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A 
anxiety 
mood swings
difficulty sleeping
persistent tiredness/ weakness
sensitivity to heat
goitre
irregular/ fast heart rate
trembling 
weight loss
34
Q

graves disease

A

autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism

35
Q

hasimoto thyroiditis

A

autoimmune disease where the thyroid is gradually destroyed, leading to hypothyroidism and a goitre

36
Q

goitre

A

non-neoplastic non-inflammation enlargement due to iodine deficiency

37
Q

parathyroid glands

A

2 pairs of glands at posterior of thyroid

38
Q

blood supply to parathyroid glands

A

inferior thyroid artery

39
Q

venous drainage to parathyroid

A

thyroid plexus

40
Q

nervous supply of parathyroid

A

cervical sympathetic ganglia
vasomotor
secretomotor by hormonal regulation

41
Q

adrenal glands

A

suprarenal gland

superior to kidneys

42
Q

arterial supply of adrenal gland

A

superior suprarenal
middle suprarenal
inferior suprarenal

43
Q

venous drainage of adrenal gland

A

right and left suprarenal

44
Q

lymphatic drainage of adrenal glands

A

lumbar lymph nodes

45
Q

nerve supply of adrenal glands

A

celiac plexus

autonomic

46
Q

where does the adrenal medulla originate

A

neural ectoderm

47
Q

where does the adrenal cortex originate

A

mesoderm

48
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

corticosteroids and androgens

49
Q

what are the zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

50
Q

what is found at the centre of adrenal cortex?

A

adrenal medulla

51
Q

what is the role of the zona glomerulosa?

A

mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

52
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

makes kidneys retain sodium and water and excrete potassium to increase blood pressure and volume
controls ACTH
angiotensin II when BP drops and causes aldosterone production

53
Q

what is the role of the zona fasciculata?

A

produces glucocorticoids in response to Adrenocorticotropic hormone

54
Q

what are glucocorticoids, what do they do?

A

cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone

enhance the metabolism

55
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

enhances activity of glucagon and catecholamine

56
Q

what does the zona reticularis do?

A

releases androgens and DHEA in response to ACTH

57
Q

what happens when the blood sodium levels fall

A

aldosterone released from adrenal cortex > targets kidneys so more sodium is reabsorbed by the kidneys and the levels are normalised

58
Q

what happens when the blood potassium levels rise?

A

aldosterone is released from adrenal cortex > targets kidneys which causes the release of potassium to fall and normalise the level

59
Q

adrenal medulla

A

nervous tissue associated with sympathetic NS

60
Q

what cells is the medulla made of?

A

chromaffin cells

61
Q

what do the chromaffin cells of the medulla do?

A

secrete catecholamines

62
Q

what is the pancreas

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

63
Q

exocrine aspect of pancreas

A

secrete pancreatic juice from acinar cells into the pancreatic ducts and duodenum

64
Q

endocrine aspect of pancreas

A

pancreatic islets of langerhans
glucagon and insulin secretion
involved in glucose metabolism
produces somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide which modulate action of glucagon and insulin secretion

65
Q

what cells secrete somatostatin

A

D cells of pancreas

66
Q

what cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cells of the pancreas

67
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

oestrogen
progesterone
inhibin

68
Q

what do the testes secrete?

A

androgen - testosterone

inhibin

69
Q

what are other endocrine glands

A 
stomach
small intestine
kidneys
adipose tissue
heart
thymus
70
Q

what does the stomach secrete?

A

gastrin from parietal cells

71
Q

what does the small intestine secrete?

A

GIP
Secretin
CCK

72
Q

what do the kidneys secrete?

A

renin
calcitriol
EPO

73
Q

what does adipose tissue secrete?

A

leptin

74
Q

what does the heart secrete?

A

ANP

BNP

75
Q

what does the thymus secrete?

A

THF

76
Q

what are the strap muscles?

A

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
omohyoid

Physiology 2 (20 decks)

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