endocrine introduction

Question 1

functions of the endocrine system

Answer 1

• stimulation of growth and development
• coordination of the reproductive system
• maintenance of internal environment
• adaptation to emergency demands of body

Question 2

all hormones use what feedback systems

Answer 2

positive OR negative

Question 3

all hormones ONLY affect what cells

Answer 3

target

Question 4

hormones are either used by target cells OR are what

Answer 4

deactivated or excreted by kidneys or liver

Question 5

the ___ is both a endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

pancreatic cells

Answer 6

islets of langerhans

Question 7

endocrine cells of the pancreas

Answer 7

• alpha (glucagon)
• beta (insulin)

Question 8

exocrine cells of the pancreas

Answer 8

• delta (somatostatin and gastrin)
• F cells (pancreatic enzymes)

(GI functions)

Question 9

functions of insulin

Answer 9

• facilitates glucose uptake into the cells of the body
• facilitates cellular uptake of K+, phosphate, Mg++
• synthesizes (makes) proteins, lipids, nucleic acid

Question 10

what are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Answer 10

thyroid hormone, calcitonin

Question 11

thyroid hormone (TH) is a ____ feedback process

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

if TH is low what happens to TSH and vice versa

Answer 12

is TH is low TSH increases and if TH is high TSH decreases

Question 13

TH is 90% T4 (____ form) and 10% T3 (_____ form)

Answer 13

T4 = inactive form and T3 = active form

Question 14

TH drives mechanisms of what cells

Answer 14

ALL body cells

(growth, heat regulation, oxygen consumption)

Question 15

_____ is needed for production of TH

Answer 15

iodine

Question 16

____ decreases serum Ca++

Answer 16

calcitonin

Question 17

what hormone is made by the parathyroid glands

Answer 17

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 18

what does PTH increase and what does it decrease

Answer 18

increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate

Question 19

PTH is an ANTAGONIST of _____

Answer 19

calcitonin

Question 20

PTH needs ______

Answer 20

vitamin D

Question 21

_____ is the OUTER adrenal gland

Answer 21

adrenal cortex

Question 22

_____ is the core of the adrenal gland

Answer 22

adrenal medulla

Question 23

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 23

cortisol and aldosterone (steroids)

Question 24

what is the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex stimulated by

Answer 24

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 25

the adrenal medulla is connected/controlled by what

Answer 25

autonomic nervous system

Question 26

what type of cells are found in the adrenal medulla

Answer 26

chromaffin cells (pheochromocytes)

Question 27

chromaffin cells release what

Answer 27

catecholamines (for the flight or fight response) (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 28

cortisol is a _____ hormone

Answer 28

glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol is the most potent and naturally occuring steroid)

Question 29

when is cortisol released

Answer 29

in periods of stress (increases blood glucose)

Question 30

aldosterone is a _____ hormone

Answer 30

mineralocorticoid hormone

Question 31

what is aldosterone regulated by

Answer 31

the renin-angiotensin system (retention of Na+ retention (fluid) and loss of K+ (cardiac) and H+ (pH imbalance))

Question 32

steroids are what (have what properties)

Answer 32

anti-inflammatory, growth-suppression, immunosuppression

Question 33

what do decreased levels of steroids lead to

Answer 33

dehydration, anorexia, anemia, low sugar, low sodium, high calcium, high potassium (Addison's disease)

Question 34

what do increased steroid levels lead to

Answer 34

moon facies, fluid retention, increased fat distribution, hirsutism, decreased immunity, high sodium, high sugar, low calcium, low potassium (Cushing's disease)

Question 35

what two systems regulate metabolic activities

Answer 35

endocrine and nervous - neuro: fast acting but short lasting - endocrine: slow response but long lasting

Question 36

what hormones act as antagonists

Answer 36

- calcitonin and PTH - insulin and glucagon

Question 37

describe two of the negative feedback systems of the endocrine system

Answer 37

- if TH is high TSH would drop until TH is WNL - if glucose is low then the body releases glucose and cortisol until glucose is normal

Question 38

give an example of a positive feedback system

Answer 38

childbirth (contractions) - continue until baby is delivered

Question 39

an increase in receptors on the target cells is called what

Answer 39

up-regulation

Question 40

a decrease in receptors on the target cell is called what

Answer 40

down-regulation

Question 41

hormones travel to target cells via _____

Answer 41

the bloodstream (target cells have hormone-specific receptors; steroid vs non-steroid hormones)