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patho II > Renal and Urologic system > Flashcards

Renal and Urologic system Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of the renal system

A

maintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism

  • balance solute and water transport
  • excrete metabolic waste products
  • conserve nutrients
  • regulate acids/bases
  • have an endocrine function
  • synthesize glucose (gluconeogenesis)
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2
Q

the renal system regulates acids and bases by reabsorbing _______ and secreting ________ into the urine

A

bicarbonate; hydrogen ions

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3
Q

the renal system has an endocrine function, name three substances it secretes

A
  • renin (regulation of bp)
  • erythropoietin (rbc production)
  • vitamin D (calcium metabolism)
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4
Q

what is the order that the renal system works

A

blood filtered -> kidneys -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra

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5
Q

functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

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6
Q

what main structures does a nephron contain (5)

A
  • renal corpuscles
  • renal tubules
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • collecting duct
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7
Q

what structures do the renal corpuscles contain

A

glomerulus and bowman capsule

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8
Q

the renal tubules contain the _______ tubules

A

proximal convoluted tubules

  • most of water reabsorption
  • glucose reabsorption
  • nutrients and electrolytes to maintain homeostasis
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9
Q

what is the normal pH of urine

A

4.5 - 8

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10
Q

how much blood is filtered by the kidneys every 24 hours

A

200 L

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11
Q

how much filtered fluid is converted into urine and excreted each day

A

1 L

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12
Q

how much fluid and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream each day

A

178 L/day

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13
Q

name the route of glomerular filtration

A

afferent arterioles (in) -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles (out)

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14
Q

AUTOREGULATION and hormones control pressure in the glomerular capillaries by what three things

A
  • VASOCONSTRICTION of afferent arteriole (dec pressure/filtrate)
  • DILATION of afferent arteriole (inc pressure/filtrate)
  • VASOCONSTRICTION of efferent arteriole (inc pressure/filtrate)
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15
Q

arteriolar constriction is controlled by what three factors

A
  • internal to kidneys (autoregulation
  • nervous (external regulation)
  • RAAS (external regulation)
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16
Q

what is the normal color of urine

A

clear, light yellow

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17
Q

what does low SG and high SG mean

A

low - dilute urine; high - concentrated urine

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18
Q

cloudy urine can be due to what

A

infection, vaginal discharge, dehydration, high fruit/vegetable diet

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19
Q

turbid urine can be due to what

A

crystal, blood, casts

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20
Q

dark colored urine can be due to what

A

hematuria, bilirubin, highly concentrated urine, drug SE/AE

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21
Q

unpleasant/unusual odor of urine can be due to what

A

infection, diet, meds

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22
Q

name some abnormal constituents of urine that can be found in a urinalysis

A

blood, elevated protein level, bacteria, glucose and ketones

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23
Q

microscopic blood in the urine from a urinalysis can indicate what

A

infection, inflammation, tumors in the urinary tract

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24
Q

gross blood in the urine from a urinalysis can indicate what

A

increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage

25
elevated protein in the urine (proteinuria, albuminuria)
nephrotic syndrome and glomerular inflammation
26
bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria) can indicate what
UTI
27
glucose and ketones in the urine can indicate what
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
28
what is the best test for renal functioning
GFR > 60 ml/min
29
normal BUN value
10 - 20 mg/dL
30
normal serum creatinine levels
0.6 - 1.3 mg/dL
31
elevated levels of BUN and creatinine can be caused by what
decreased GFR, dehydration or renal failure (can lead to metabolic acidosis)
32
laboratory tests for the renal and urologic systems (5)
- urinalysis - blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - creatine - culture - occult blood
33
radiographic tests and scans for the renal and urologic system (4)
x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound
34
direct observation tests for the renal and urologic system
cystoscopy, uroscopy
35
what is another diagnostic test that can be done for the renal and urologic system
urodynamic tests
36
the involuntary passage of urine
urinary incontinence
37
nighttime wetting
nocturnal enuresis
38
stress incotinence
Involuntary loss of urine during coughing, sneezing, laughing or other physical activity associated with increased abdominal pressure (increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter)
39
who is stress incontinence more common in
women and men who have an enlarged prostate
40
urge incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void (urgency)
41
mixed incontinence
combination of stress and urge incontinence
42
overflow incontinence
involuntary loss of urine with overdistention of the bladder (associated with neurologic lesions below S1, polyneuropathies, and urethral obstruction - enlarged prostate or detrusor underactivity)
43
functional incontinence
involuntary loss of urine caused by dementia or immobility
44
neurogenic bladder
general term for bladder dysfunction caused by neurological disorders
45
inability to empty bladder
urinary retention (may be accompanied by overflow incontinence; can follow anesthesia; spinal cord injury at sacral level blocks micturition reflex)
46
name three reasons UTIs are more common in women
- Shortness of urethra - Proximity of urethra to anus - Congenital abnormalities (mostly children)
47
two causes of UTIs in men
- Prostatic hypertrophy and prostatitis - Urine retention
48
where is the most common site of UTI
bladder
49
s/s of cystitis and urethritis are based on what
inflammation and/or infection
50
name some s/s of cystitis/urethritis
polyuria, increased frequency, hematuria, cloudy urine, flank pain, mental status changes
51
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts
pyelonephritis (lower UTI that moves up the ureter)
52
AKI (acute kidney injury)
sudden decline in kidney function with a decrease in GFR and urine output and an elevation in plasma creatinine and BUN levels - abrupt onset - potentially reversible
53
name the phases of an AKI
initiation phase, extension phase, maintenance/oliguric phase, recovery/polyuria phase
54
______ phase: acute cell injury; prevention of injury is possible but window is short
initiation
55
______ phase: continued hypoxia and inflammatory response
extension
56
_______ phase: cells undergo repair, urine output is lowest
maintenance/oliguric
57
oliguria is urine output of what (less than what)
less than 400mL/24 hr
58
______ phase: glomerular function returns; diuresis is common; may take 3-12 months; some do not gain full recovery
recovery/polyuria

patho II (8 decks)

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