Endocrine/Metabolic

Question 1

most important glucocorticoid

Answer 1

cortisol

Question 2

cortisol is produced in the zona ___ of the adrenal ___

Answer 2

reticularis (middle layer); cortex

Question 3

neurohypophysis is aka

Answer 3

posterior pituitary

Question 4

which portion of pituitary gland is made up of neural tissue

Answer 4

posterior pituitary (NEUROhypophysis)

Question 5

hormones of the posterior pituitary

Answer 5

ADH (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin

Question 6

true or false: the posterior pituitary produces ADH and oxytocin

Answer 6

false

Question 7

location where ADH and oxytocin are produced

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

anterior pituitary is aka

Answer 8

adenohypophysis

Question 9

connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Answer 9

portal vasculature

Question 10

connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Answer 10

nerves

Question 11

ADH is released from

Answer 11

posterior pituitary

Question 12

names of gonadotropic hormones

Answer 12

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
ICTH - interstitial cell stimulating hormone (male analog of LH)

Question 13

TSH is released from

Answer 13

anterior pituitary

Question 14

ACTH is released from

Answer 14

anterior pituitary

Question 15

most water-soluble (non-steroid) hormones activate this kind of receptor

Answer 15

g-protein-linked

Question 16

insulin activates this kind of receptor

Answer 16

tyrosine kinase; GLUT-4

Question 17

hyperpituitarism (and subsequent GH elevation) in adults is called

Answer 17

acromegaly

Question 18

hyperpituitarism (and subsequent GH elevation) in children is called

Answer 18

giantism

Question 19

secondary hypo/hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

TH/T3/T4 abnormalities caused by disorder of anterior pituitary
*think “above” the thyroid

Question 20

primary hypo/hyperthyroidism

Answer 20

TH/T3/T4 abnormalities caused by disorder of thyroid gland itself (or iodine deficiency)
*think “below” the HPA

Question 21

structure of thyroid gland

Answer 21

follicles composed of follicular cells

Question 22

fluid substance in between thyroid follicular cells

Answer 22

colloid

Question 23

neurons terminate where on the thyroid? what effect does this have?

Answer 23

follicular blood vessels and on the follicular cells themselves – allows catecholamine activity effects

Question 24

thyrotoxicosis definition

Answer 24

any condition causing hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

Question 25

Grave's disease is the result of:

Answer 25

autoimmune stimulation of thyroid gland to over-produce T3 and T4

Question 26

most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 26

Grave's disease

Question 27

Grave's disease changes in TSH and TRH levels

Answer 27

suppression

Question 28

nodular thyroid follicles [always/do not always] cause hyperthyroidism

Answer 28

do not always -- nontoxic goiter

Question 29

etio of exophthalmos

Answer 29

orbital fat accumulation and inflammation with edema of orbital contents -- causes all kinds of visual changes

Question 30

normal enlargement of thyroid gland can be caused by:

Answer 30

pregnancy, stress, puberty, iodide deficiency

Question 31

singular toxic nodule name

Answer 31

toxic adenoma

Question 32

thyroid storm/thyrotoxic crisis is usually the result of:

Answer 32

person with undiagnosed or partially treated hyperthyroidism who undergoes some dramatic stressor that impacts thyroid function: trauma, thyroid surgery, burns, seizures, obstetrical complications, CV event, dialysis, etc

Question 33

increased T4 causes what effect on TSH levels?

Answer 33

inhibitory/decreased

Question 34

typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 34

increased heat sensitivity, weight loss, a high energy level, exophthalmos, thinning hair

Question 35

clinical manifestation of congenital hypopituitarism (child)

Answer 35

dwarfism

Question 36

clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism in an adult male

Answer 36

impotence, skin pallor, decreased muscular development

Question 37

deficit of what hormone causes cretinism in an infant

Answer 37

thyroid hormone

Question 38

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) is [excess/deficiency] of ADH and causes water [retention/diuresis]

Answer 38

excess; retention

Question 39

SIADH would cause what change in electrolytes?

Answer 39

hyponatremia secondary to excessive water retention

Question 40

which is more potent in its mode of action, T3 or T4?

Answer 40

T3

Question 41

signs of malignant thyroid nodule

Answer 41

firm, unilateral