Respiratory

Question 1

respiration def

Answer 1

cellular metabolism and use of oxygen

Question 2

ventilation def

Answer 2

breathing; movement of air in conducting tubes and alveoli

Question 3

external respiration def

Answer 3

movement of air between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

Question 4

internal respiration def

Answer 4

movement of air between systemic capillaries and tissues of body

Question 5

perfusion def

Answer 5

blood flow

Question 6

alveolar cell types (2)

Answer 6

1. structure

2. surfactant

Question 7

3 functions of respiratory system

Answer 7

ventilation, diffusion, perfusion

Question 8

lobes per lung

Answer 8

right = 3, left = 2

Question 9

pressure of pulmonary arteries

Answer 9

25/10

Question 10

chemoreceptors stimulate breathing in response to ___

Answer 10

increase in PaCO2 (and therefore pH)

Question 11

peripheral stimulate breathing in response to ___

Answer 11

decrease in PaO2

Question 12

mucous blanket in airways contain immune mediators such as (3)

Answer 12

immunoglobulin (IgA), PMNs (leukocytes), interferon

Question 13

phagocytic cell in alveoli

Answer 13

macrophage

Question 14

type of study and purpose of lung scan

Answer 14

morphologic; detection of emboli, infarction, pneumonia, and emphysema

Question 15

type of study and purpose of bronchoscopy

Answer 15

morphologic; detect cancer, remove foreign bodies

Question 16

type of study and purpose of sputum study

Answer 16

morphologic; detect microbes, observe presence of pus, observe presence of blood, assess color and odor (indicative of infection)

Question 17

purpose of physiologic lung studies

Answer 17

show the affect of disease on lung function

Question 18

cause of cyanosis

Answer 18

increase in reduced Hb (not bound to O2), i.e. low O2 sats

Question 19

hypoxemia def

Answer 19

inadequate O2 in blood; leads to hypoxia

Question 20

hypoxia def

Answer 20

inadequate O2 in body tissues, local or generalized; caused by hypoxemia or ischemia

Question 21

ischemia def

Answer 21

inadequate perfusion (blood flow) to deliver oxygen; leads to hypoxia

Question 22

hypoventilation leads to:

Answer 22

hypercapnia, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis

Question 23

hyperventilation leads to:

Answer 23

hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis, probably hypoxemia

Question 24

obstructive ventilatory disorders makes ___ very difficult

Answer 24

expiration

Question 25

restrictive ventilatory disorders makes ___ very difficult

Answer 25

inspiration

Question 26

chronic bronchitis def

Answer 26

increased mucus production for long time (3+ months or 2+ years in a row); d/t hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells and inflammation

Question 27

emphysema def

Answer 27

decrease in number of functional alveoli and ducts

Question 28

asthma def

Answer 28

hypersensitivity reaction; obstructive disorder; bronchial narrowing, bronchospasm, edema, and hypersecretion of mucus; mediated by IgE

Question 29

bronchiectasis def

Answer 29

chronic dilation of medium sized bronchi/bronchioles d/t inflammation

Question 30

pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis

Answer 30

chloride channels across multiple epithelia of the body are blocked with protein (lungs, pancreas, intestines, and apocrine sweat glands); causes increased mucus production and viscosity

Question 31

extrapulmonary disorders that cause restrictive lung disease

Answer 31

decreased compliance/elasticity of lungs or thoracic wall; neuro changes that depress respiratory function; musculoskeletal abnormalities like kyphosis or scoliosis;

Question 32

pleural and parenchymal disorders causing restrictive lung disease

Answer 32

pleural effusion; pneumothorax; atelectasis; pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis

Question 33

relationship/difference between pleural effusion and atelectasis

Answer 33

pleural effusion can cause atelectasis

Question 34

risks for developing PE

Answer 34

being bedridden --> venous stasis; vein injury; hypercoagulability

Question 35

PE obstructs blood flow where?

Answer 35

out of right ventricle into pulmonary circulation

Question 36

2 types of acute respiratory failure

Answer 36

1. hypoxemic, normocapnic: PaCO2 is normal or low at rest (hyperventilation) 2. hypercapnic: PaCO2 is high (ventilatory failure/ hypoventilation)

Question 37

2 main characteristics of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 37

1. hypoxemia | 2. diffuse noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

Question 38

ARDS etiology

Answer 38

direct or indirect injury to the lungs, i.e. shock, sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, aspiration, surgery

Question 39

ARDS pathogenesis

Answer 39

decrease in amount of surfactant plus damage to alveolar-capillary membrane --> leaky capillaries

Question 40

most common source of lung cancer

Answer 40

bronchogenic -- not metastatic from other places | *poor prognosis*

Question 41

diagnostic tools for lung cancer (3)

Answer 41

radiology, bronchoscopy, cytology

Question 42

true or false: TB manifestations are the result of hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 42

true

Question 43

restrictive lung disorders cause a period of ___ventilation, followed by chronic ___ventilation

Answer 43

hyper, hypo

Question 44

pathogenesis of dyspnea

Answer 44

restriction/obstruction --> hypoventilation --> elevated PaCO2 --> stimulation of increased respiratory rate --> restriction/obstruction prevents effective increase in RR

Question 45

first sign of respiratory failure

Answer 45

increased RR

Question 46

decrease in radius of a vessel ___ ___ resistance to flow

Answer 46

exponentially increases

Question 47

pathophysiological problem of obstructive lung disorder

Answer 47

air trapping

Question 48

normal alveolar PO2

Answer 48

100-105 mm Hg

Question 49

normal alveolar PCO2

Answer 49

40 mm Hg

Question 50

normal arterial PO2

Answer 50

90-95 mm Hg

Question 51

normal arterial PCO2

Answer 51

40 mm Hg

Question 52

normal venous PO2

Answer 52

40 mm Hg

Question 53

normal venous PCO2

Answer 53

46-47 mm Hg

Question 54

causes of left shift in oxyhemoglobin curve

Answer 54

hypothermia, alkalosis, hypocapnia

Question 55

left shift in oxyhemoglobin curve means

Answer 55

increased O2 affinity

Question 56

alveolar consolidation def

Answer 56

alveoli filling with fluid (blood, pus, water)

Question 57

pneumothorax pathogenesis

Answer 57

interruption of transmural pressure gradient between visceral and parietal pleura

Question 58

airway inflammation in asthma is characterized by ___, ___ (obstruction/restriction)

Answer 58

recurrent, reversible obstruction (narrowing)

Question 59

COPD airway inflammation is characterized by ___ (obstruction/restriction)

Answer 59

fixed obstruction (narrowing)

Question 60

smokers develop ___lobular emphysema

Answer 60

centri-

Question 61

most common origin of metastases in the lungs

Answer 61

breast

Question 62

largest lung volume

Answer 62

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 63

most important lung volume measurement for obstructive pulmonary diseases

Answer 63

FEV = forced expiratory capacity (will be low)

Question 64

normal minute lung volume at rest

Answer 64

9-10 L/min