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Pathology > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the endocrine system include: (4)

A
  1. maintain metabolic equilibrium (homeostasis)
  2. secrete chemical messengers (hormones)
  3. regulate activities of various organs
  4. process of feedback inhibition
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2
Q

Maintaining metabolic equilibrium:

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

chemical messengers:

A

hormones

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4
Q

In the process of feedback inhibition, increased activity of target tissue, typically ______ the activity of the gland secreting the stimulating hormone

A

down regulates

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5
Q

diseases of under/overproduction of hormones

A

endocrine diseases

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6
Q

Endocrine disease are associated with the development of:

A

mass lesions

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7
Q

What are the three classification of endocrine diseases?

A
  1. too little
  2. toot much
  3. others: tumors
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8
Q

Tumors of endocrine glands, whether benign or malignant, may secrete the hormone native to the gland, these tumors are said to be:

A

functional tumors

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9
Q

With functional tumors of endocrine glands, it may be the _____ of the tumor or the _____ that calls attention to the tumor

A

mass effect; metabolic effect of the excessive hormone

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10
Q

List the endocrine organs: (6)

(excluding testicles, ovaries, thymus, pineal gland, hypothalamus)

A
  1. anterior pituitary
  2. posterior pituitary
  3. thyroid
  4. parathyroid
  5. pancreas
  6. adrenal glands
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11
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

base of brain sella-turcica

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12
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the:

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by:

A

-stalk composed of axons
-venous plexus

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14
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Central role in regulation of other endocrine glands

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15
Q

What are the two components of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
  2. posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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16
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is the adenohypophysis?

A

anterior lobe

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17
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is the neurohypophysis?

A

posterior lobe

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18
Q

Disease of the pituitary gland are categorized base on:

A

the lobe they are mainly effecting

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19
Q

Label the following image:

A

a) pons
b) midbrain
c) hypothalamus
d) pituitary gland

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20
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Pituitary gland

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21
Q

Label the following image:

A

a) hypothalamus
b) anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
c) posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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22
Q

What are the different types of cells in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. somatotrophs
  2. lactotrophs
  3. corticotrophs
  4. thyrotrophs
  5. gonadotrophs
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23
Q

Describe what the following cell of the adenohypophysis produces:

  1. somatotrophs
  2. lactotrophs
  3. corticotrophs
  4. thyrotrophs
  5. gonadotrophs
A
  1. growth hormone (GH)
  2. prolactin
  3. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  4. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Lutenizing hormone (LH)
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24
Q
  1. growth hormone (GH)
  2. prolactin
  3. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  4. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Lutenizing hormone (LH)

The following hormones are produced in the:

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophyisis)

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25
Q

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
  2. Oxytocin
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26
Q
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
  2. Oxytocin

The following hormones are produced in the:

A

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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27
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Tissue growth

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28
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

TSH

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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29
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

ACTH

A

Acts on the adrenal gland to produce cortical hormones

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30
Q

What is the function of the following hormones:

FSH & LH

A

Act on the testes to produce testosterone & sperm

Act on the ovaries to produce the ova, estrogen & progesterone

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31
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Acts on breast glandular tissue

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32
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

Oxytocin

A

Acts on uterus for uterine contraction

Functions in lactation

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33
Q

What is the function of the following hormone:

ADH

A

Acts on kidney to stimulate water reabsorption

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34
Q

Diseases of the anterior pituitary include: (2)

A
  1. hypopituitarism (decreased secretion of trophic hormones)
  2. hypoerpituitarism (increased secretion of trophic hormones)
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35
Q

Disease of the anterior pituitary in which there is a decreased secretion of trophic hormones:

A

hypopituitarism

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36
Q

Disease of the anterior pituitary in which there is an increased secretion of trophic hormones:

A

hyperpituitarism

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37
Q

What are the characteristics of hypopituitarism:

A

destructive lesions/processes

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38
Q

give some examples of what might cause hypopituitarism:

A

-ischemia
-radiation
-inflammation
-neoplasms

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of hyperpituitarism:

A

functional adenoma within the anterior lobe with local mass effects

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40
Q

What are some of the local mass effects involved in hyperpituitarism?

A

-enlargement of the sella turcica
-visual field abnormalities
-increased intracranial pressure

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41
Q

-Pituitary adenomas
-radiation treatment
-neurosurgery
-sheehan syndrome

These are all potential causes of:

A

hypopituitarism

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42
Q

Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary gland:

A

Sheehan syndrome (may cause hypopituitarism)

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43
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism? (6)

A
  1. pituitary dwarfism
  2. amenorrhea & infertility
  3. low libido & impotence
  4. postpartum lactation failure
  5. hypothyroidism
  6. hypoadrenalism
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44
Q
  1. pituitary dwarfism
  2. amenorrhea & infertility
  3. low libido & impotence
  4. postpartum lactation failure
  5. hypothyroidism
  6. hypoadrenalism

These are the clinical manifestations associated with:

A

hypopituitarism

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45
Q

-pituitary adenomas
-pituitary hyperplasia
-pituitary carcinomas
-hypothalamic disorders

These are all potential causes of:

A

Hyperpituitarism

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46
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperpituitarism? (3)

A
  1. gigantism
  2. acromegaly
  3. cushing disease
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47
Q

-condition of hyperpituitarism
-excess growth hormone

A

gigantism

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48
Q

Gigantism is caused by ______ which produces excess growth hormone

A

primary tumor

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49
Q

The primary tumor of gigantism is an:

A

adenoma of the AP

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50
Q

What is the second most common anterior pituitary syndrome?

A

gigantism

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51
Q

What type of tissues are affected in gigantism?

A

all growing tissues

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52
Q

Gigantism occurs:

A

before growth plate closure

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53
Q

List the symptoms associated with gigantism: (7)

A
  1. generalized overgrowth (3 standard deviations)
  2. headaches
  3. chronic fatigue
  4. arthritis & osteoporosis
  5. muscle weakness
  6. hypertension
  7. CHF
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54
Q

-condition of the anterior pituitary with excess GH
-late diagnosis
-poor vision (photophobia)
-enlarged skull, hands, feet, ribs
-soft tissues, viscera
-enlarged maxilla, mandible, nasal & frontal bones, & maxillary sinus
-intraoral manifestations

A

acromegaly

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55
Q

Describe the intraoral manifestations of acromegaly: (5)

A
  1. diastemas
  2. malocclusion
  3. macroglossia
  4. enlarged lips
  5. sleep apnea
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56
Q

Diabetes insipidus (central) is a disease involving the:

A

posterior pituitary

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57
Q

What are two symptoms associated with diabetes insidipidus (central)?

A
  1. polyuria (also dilute urine)
  2. polydipsia
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58
Q

Diabetes insipidus (central) is due to irregularities of what hormone?

A

Secretions of inappropriately high levels of ADH (SIADH)

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59
Q

The secretion of inappropriately high levels of ADH (SIADH) seen in diabetes insipidus (central) may cause:

A
  1. hyponatremia
  2. cerebral edema
  3. neurologic dysfunction
  4. increased total body water
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60
Q

Describe the increased total body water seen in diabetes insipidus (central): (2)

A
  1. blood volume normal
  2. no peripheral edema
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61
Q

Iodide from a normal diet is stores in the _______ (bound to _____) and used for production of ____ & _____

A

thyroid gland; thyroglobulin; T3 & T4

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62
Q

T3 & T4 have identical chemical compositions except for:

A

addition of one iodide (in T4)

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63
Q

____ is produced exclusively by the thyroid while majority of _____ is the result of ____ conversion

A

T4; T3; T4

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64
Q

_____ is the activator for synthesis of TSH

A

TRH (Thyrotropin releasing hormone)

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65
Q

TRH is the activator for synthesis of:

A

TSH

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66
Q

____ is the activator for T3 & T4 production

A

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

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67
Q

-T3/T4 levels are low
-elevation in ____ levels
-increase in T3/T4 production

A

TSH

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68
Q

TRH controls _____ production

A

TSH

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69
Q

TSH controls _____ production

A

T3 & T4

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70
Q

The three glands responsible for thyroid function include:

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary
  3. thyroid
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71
Q

A very small amount of T3 & T4 is not bound to ______ and remains _____

A

thyroxine binding proteins; free in circulation

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72
Q

What form of T3 & T4 are metabolically active?

A

The small percentage of each that are free in circulation (not bound)

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73
Q

What is the affect on basal metabolic rate with:

  1. decreased T3 & T4
  2. increased T3 & T4
A
  1. Decreased BMR
  2. Increased BMR
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74
Q

Low levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis?

A

Decreased gluconeogenesis & decreased glycogenolysis

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75
Q

High levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on gluconeogenesis & glyconeogenesis?

A

increased gluconeogenesis & increased glycogenolysis

76
Q

Low levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on protein metabolism?

A

Decreased protein synthesis & decreased proteolysis

77
Q

High levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on protein metabolism?

A

Increased protein synthesis & increased proteolysis & muscle wasting

78
Q

Low levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on lipid metabolism?

A

Decreased lipogenesis & decreased lipolysis

Increased serum cholesterol

79
Q

High levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on lipid metabolism?

A

Increased lipogenesis & increased lipolysis

Decreased serum cholesterol

80
Q

Low levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on thermogenesis?

A

Decreased thermogenesis

81
Q

High levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on thermogenesis?

A

Increased thermogenesis

82
Q

Low levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on the autonomic nervous system?

A

Normal levels of serum catecholamines

83
Q

High levels of T3 & T4 have what effect on the autonomic nervous system?

A

Increased expression of Beta-adrenoreceptors (increased sensitivity to catecholamines, which remain at normal levels)

84
Q

Discuss the causes of primary hypothyroidism:

A
  1. intrinsic abnormality in the thyroid
  2. surgery
  3. radiotherapy
  4. autoimmune
85
Q

Discuss the causes of secondary hypothyroidism:

A

Pituitary failure

86
Q

-Hypothyroidism
-adult
-generalized fatigue
-apathy
-mental sluggishness
-listless
-cold intolerance
-overweight

This describes:

A

myxedema

87
Q

-Hypothyroidism
-childhood
-impaired skeletal development
-severe mental retardation
-short stature
-course facial features
-delayed tooth eruption

This describes:

A

Cretinism

88
Q

The adult form of hypothyroidism:

A

myxedema

89
Q

The childhood form of hypothyroidism:

A

cretinism

90
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include: (5)

A
  1. cold intolerance
  2. fatigue, lethargy
  3. weight gain
  4. constipation
  5. bradycardia
91
Q

Despite elevated TSH levels, in the condition of ______ the thyroid continues to produce reduced levels of T3/T4. This malfunction is permanent.

A

Hypothyroidism

92
Q

How is hypothyroidism treated? What is the outcome?

A

Treated with replacement therapy, TSH values return to normal

93
Q

In hypothyroidism if TSH is increased, this is considered ________ hypothyroidism

A

primary

94
Q

In hypothyroidism if TSH is decreased, this is considered ______ hypothyroidism

A

secondary

95
Q

In both primary & secondary hypothyroidism _____ is low

A

T4

96
Q

What is the treatment of both primary & secondary hypothyroidism?

A

supplement

97
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a ______ disease

A

autoimmune

98
Q

Describe the thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis:

A

painless enlargement, symmetric & diffuse

99
Q

What is a risk associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Risk of B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphomas

100
Q

Clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism include: (7)

A
  1. goiter (small)
  2. exopthalmous (frequent)
  3. heat intolerance
  4. weightloss, muscle wasting
  5. malabsorption & diarrhea
  6. tachycarida
  7. irritability & anxiety
101
Q

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is:

A

autoimmune- grave’s disease

102
Q

Discuss the following laboratory levels associated with hyperthyroidism:

  1. T4 & Free T4
  2. T3 & Free T3
  3. TSH
  4. TRH
A
  1. Elevated
  2. Elevated
  3. Suppressed
  4. Suppressed
103
Q

In hyperthyroidism despite low _____ levels, the thyroid continues producing elevated _____ levels

A

TSH; T3/T4

104
Q

In hyperthyroidism despite low TSH levels, the thyroid continues producing elevated T3/T4 levels. This is possible because of _______ which stimulate the thyroid hormone production. This thyroid hyperfunction is permanent.

A

autoantibodies (TSI= thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins)

105
Q

In hypethyroidism, because of feedback from thyroid hormones T3 & T4, TSH production & release is:

A

reduced

106
Q

What is seen in this image? What is this characteristic of?

A

Exopthalmos; hyperthyroidism

107
Q

Describe some symptoms associated with Grave’s disease: (5)

A

(hyperthyroidism)
-tachycardia
-increased appetite
-weightloss
-exopthalmos
-heat intolerance

108
Q

In grave’s disease autoantibodies are created against:

A

TSH receptors

109
Q

In primary grave’s disease, TSH levels are:

A

low

110
Q

In secondary grave’s disease, TSH levels are:

A

normal to high

111
Q

In both primary & secondary grave’s disease, describe the levels of T3 & T4:

A

Increased

112
Q

What is the treatment for grave’s disease?

A

ablation

113
Q

What is one major concern with Grave’s disease?

A

Occurrence of thyroid storm

114
Q

In grave’s disease, thyroid storms may be caused by:

A
  1. infection
  2. stress
  3. trauma
115
Q

Describe what may occur with a thyroid storm:

A

-elevated body temp
-tachycardia
-20-40% mortality

116
Q

Diffuse & multinodular goiter can be described by:

A
  1. thyroid enlargement
  2. impaired synthesis of thyroid hormone
  3. euthyroid (maintenance of minimal function)
117
Q

In diffuse & multinodular goiter impaired synthesis of thyroid hormone is due to:

A
  1. iodine deficiency (endemic)
  2. hyperplasia of follicles (pituitary stimulation)
118
Q

In diffuse & multinodular goite, the maintenance of minimal function of the thyroid is called:

A

euthyroid

119
Q

List the sequence of events in endemic goiter:

A
  1. diet deficient in iodine
  2. decreased output of T3 & T4 by thyroid
  3. Pituitary response by secreting TSH
  4. Thyroid hyperplasia
120
Q

What can be seen in the following images?

A

Endemic goiter

121
Q

What type of thyroid neoplasm is being described below:

-solitary
-males
-younger
-warm/cold nodules

A

adenoma

122
Q

What type of thyroid neoplasm is being described below:

-75-85%
-all ages
-radiation
-10yr survival = 95%
-worse outcome in elderly

A

Papillary carcinoma

123
Q

What type of thyroid neoplasm is being described below:

-10-20%
-older
-iodine deficiency
-cold nodules

A

follicular carcinoma

124
Q

What type of thyroid neoplasm is being described below:

-5%
-neuroendocrine
-calcitonin (C cells)
-amyloid
-MEN 2 A/B (20%)

A

Medullary carcinoma

125
Q

Usually presents as solitary, non-functioning nodule:

A

Papillary carcinoma

126
Q

The parathyroid glands are derived from:

A

developing pharyngeal pouches

127
Q

Lie in close proximity to upper and lower poles of each thyroid lobe:

A

Parathyroid glands

128
Q

May be found on a path of descent of pharyngeal pouches- carotid sheath, thymus, anterior mediastinum:

A

Parathyroid glands

129
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

PTH

130
Q

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which with ______ regulates ____

A

calcitonin, calcium homeostasis

131
Q

The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which with calcitonin regulates calcium homeostasis- controlled by the level of:

A

free (ionized) calcium

132
Q

PTH:

  1. activates ____ activity
  2. increases______ resorption
  3. increases ______ into the active ____ form in the kidneys
  4. increases urinary excretion of ____
  5. increases ____ absorption by the GI tract
A
  1. osteoclast
  2. Ca renal tubular
  3. conversion of Vitamin D; dihydroxy form
  4. phosphates
  5. Ca
133
Q

What is an iatrogenic cause of hypoPARAthyroidism?

A

Surgically induced

134
Q

The congenital absence of the parathyroid glands resulting hypoPARAthyroidism:

A

DiGeorge syndrome

135
Q

What is an autoimmune cause of hypoPARAthyroidism?

A

APECED

136
Q

What are the three characteristic signs of hypoPARAthyroidism?

A
  1. hypocalcemia
  2. Chvostek sign
  3. Trosseau sign
137
Q

Hypocalcemia from hypoPARAthyroidism may result in:

A

tetany

138
Q

Describe Chvostek sign associated with hypoPARAthyroidism:

A

When tapping cranial nerve VII muscle contraction of the eye, mouth & nose

139
Q

Describe the Trosseau sign associated with hypoPARAthyroidism:

A

Occluding circulation of forearm resulting in carpalspasm

140
Q

What can be seen in the following image? What is this caused by? What condition is this characteristic of?

A

Trosseau sign caused by tetany in patient with hypoPARAthyroidism

141
Q

What condition is associated with the following images?

A

HypoPARAthyroidism

142
Q

Primary hyperPARAthyroidism is caused by: (include percentages)

A
  1. adenoma (75-80%)
  2. hyperplasia (10-15%)
  3. carcinoma (<5%)
143
Q

Secondary hyperPARAthyroidism is caused by:

A

Renal failure

144
Q

Primary hyperPARAthyroidism caused by adenoma is associated with:

A

one gland

145
Q

Primary hyperPARAthyroidism caused by hyperplasia is associated with: (2)

A
  1. multiglandular
  2. MEN 1& 2a,b
146
Q

Adenoma (one gland), hyperplasia (multiglandular) & MEN 1, 2a,b, & carcinoma are all causes of:

A

primary hyperPARAthyroidism

147
Q

What are some outcomes of renal failure that are responsible for contributing to secondary hyperPARAthyroidism?

A
  1. hyperphosphatemia
  2. chronic hypocalcemia
  3. vitamin D deficiency
148
Q

Adenoma, hyperplasia, and carnoma are all responsible for:

A

primary hyperPARAthyroidism

149
Q

What morphologic changes are associated with primary hyperPARAthyroidism?

A
  1. Skeletal changes
  2. serum calcium level changes
150
Q

What are the skeletal changes seen in primary hyperPARAthyroidism?

A
  1. bone resorption
  2. formation of bone cysts & hemorrhages (osteitis fibrosa- cystic)
  3. brown tumors
  4. urinary tract stones (nephrolithiasis)
  5. metastatic calcification
151
Q
  1. bone resorption
  2. formation of bone cysts & hemorrhages (osteitis fibrosa- cystic)
  3. brown tumors
  4. urinary tract stones (nephrolithiasis
  5. metastatic calcification

These are all skeletal changes seen in:

A

Primary & secondary hyperPARAthyroidism

152
Q

in primary hyperPARAthyroidism, serum calcium levels are high, especially:

A

ionized calcium levels

153
Q

-Hypercalcemia
-Hypophosphatemia
-Increased urinary excretion of both calcium & phosphate

These all accompany:

A

Primary hyperPARAthyroidism

154
Q

In this condition, calcium is chronically depressed and low serum calcium levels lead to compensatory hyperactivity of the parathyroids.

Serum phosphate levels are elevated.

A

Secondary hyperPARAthyroidism

155
Q

Describe the serum calcium levels and serum phosphate levels associated with secondary hyperPARAthyroidism:

A

Low serum calcium levels
High serum phosphate levels

156
Q

Describe the serum calcium levels and serum phosphate levels associated with primary hyperPARAthyroidism:

A

High serum calcium levels (especially ionized Ca)
Low serum phosphate levels

157
Q

What are the causes of secondary hyperPARAthyroidism? (4)

A
  1. chronic renal failure
  2. vitamin D deficiency
  3. inadequate dietary calcium
  4. steatorrhea
158
Q

Describe the morphologic changes associated with secondary hyperPARAthyroidism: (3)

A
  1. hyperplastic parathyroid glands
  2. bone changes
  3. metastatic calcification
159
Q

What has more severe clinical features, primary or secondary hyperPARAthyroidism?

A

Primary

160
Q

The clinical features of secondary hyperPARAthyroidism are related to symptoms secondary to:

A

chronic renal failure

161
Q

Describe the bone abnormalities associated with secondary hyperPARAthyroidism:

A

renal osteodystrophy

162
Q

Seen with secondary hyperPARAthyroidism, elevated calcium & phosphate products; causes blood clots & painful skin ulcers:

A

Calciphylaxis

163
Q

Occurs when excess parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands, usually after long-standing secondary hyperPARAthyroidism:

A

Tertiary hyperPARAthyroidism

164
Q

-Osteomalacia & loss of lamina dura
-brown tumor
-nephrolithiasis
-peptic/duodenal ulcers
-mental changes

These are all related to:

A

hyperPARAthyroidism

165
Q

What saying is used to described the symptoms of hyperPARAthyroidism:

A

Stones, bones, moans, & groans

166
Q

PTH functions to:

  1. ____ serum calcium
  2. ____ osteoclats
  3. ____ renal tubular reabsorption of calcium
  4. ___ renal conversion of vitamin D
  5. _____ urinary excretion of phosphate
  6. _____ gastric absorption of calcium
A
  1. increases
  2. activates
  3. increases
  4. increases
  5. increases
  6. increases
167
Q

What are shown in the following images?

A

Adrenal glands

168
Q

Little beanies on top of the kidneys:

A

Adrenal glands

169
Q

From outermost to innermost layer in a transverse section of the adrenal glands the layers include:

A

Capsule, cortex, medulla

170
Q

Label the following image:

A

a) capsule
b) zona glomerulosa
c) zona fasiculata
d) zona reticularis
e) medulla

171
Q

The outermost layer of the adrenal gland cortex is the _____

A

zona glomerulosa

172
Q

The zona glomerulosa produces _____ which is regulated by _____

A

aldosterone; angiotensin II

173
Q

The middle layer of the adrenal gland cortex is the _____

A

zona fasciculata

174
Q

The zona fasciculata produces _____ which is regulated by _____

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol); ACTH (biofeedback)

175
Q

The innermost layer of the adrenal gland cortex (right outside the medulla):

A

Zona reticularis

176
Q

The zona reticularis produces ______ and has no feedback with _____

A

androgens; ACTH

177
Q

What is produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland?

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

178
Q

Adrenal cortex pathology associated with too little:

A

adrenal insufficiency

179
Q

acute adrenal insufficiency:

A

Waterhouse-friderichsen

180
Q

Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency:

A

Addison’s disease

181
Q

Adrenal cortex pathology associated with too much: (3)

A
  1. Hyperaldosteronism
  2. Hypercorticolism
  3. Adrenogenital syndrome
182
Q

Destruction of the adrenal cortex resulting in decreased production of adrenal corticosteroid hormones:

A

Addison’s disease

183
Q

Addison’s disease is categorized as a ____ disease

A

autoimmune

184
Q

What type of cancer is associated with Addison;s disease?

A

Metastatic caricnoma

185
Q

What infections are associated with Addison’s disease?

A
  1. deep final infections
  2. TB
    (both involved with AIDs)
186
Q

Addison’s disease is a ______ hypoadrenocorticism, involving destruction of the adrenal cortex

Secondary hypoadrenocorticism is a disorder of the ____ or ______

A

primary

hypothalamus or pituitary

187
Q
A

Pathology (28 decks)

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