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endocrine physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

metabolism
growth metabolism
energy metabolism
mineral metabolism
reproduction

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2
Q

endocrine system works by

A

feedback principle

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3
Q

message relay in the endocrine system

A

nervous system sends message to endocrine glands Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones into blood
Hormones reaches the target organ
Target organ responds to the hormone and produces substance
Substance is picked up by receptors and brain stops sending message to endocrine glands

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4
Q

t/f endocrine system functions by amplification of signal which is the basis of sensitivity

A

true

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5
Q

one steroid molecule can activate a gene resulting in formation of

A

mRNA and enzymes

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6
Q

one protein molecule can influence the formation of

A

cAMP molecules

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7
Q

gland- are ductless glands that secrete products directly into the blood stream.

A

Endocrine gland

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8
Q

glands-release their products or secretion into the ducts leading to the lumen of other organs. (eg mammary gland, salivary gland, sweat gland)

A

exocrine glands

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9
Q

paracrine glands

A

in which the chemical messenger diffuses through the interstitial fluid to influence adjacent cells. (eg histamine, cytokines)

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10
Q

if the messenger acts on the cell of its origin, then it produces an autocrine effect. (eg insulin like growth factor produced by muscle to influence its effect on that cell – growth promoting effect)

A

autocrine effect

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11
Q

growth hormone has 2 effects

A

paracrine and autocrine

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12
Q

structure of endocrine glands

A

have different types of tissue in a organ
connective tissue
blood vessels
nerves

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13
Q

t/f often just one cell type inm and endocrine gland makes the hormone

A

true

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14
Q

t/f endocrine glands usually secrete more than one hormone

A

true

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15
Q

mechanisms in which endocrine and nervous system interact

A

direct interaction
neurohormones or neuropeptides
neurotransmitters

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16
Q

by direct interaction

A

endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla are directly controlled by preganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla releasing hormones.

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17
Q

neurohormones and neuropetides

A

hormones derived from nerve cells

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18
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released from the synapse between nerve and effector cells

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19
Q

major endocrine glands in the body

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads (i.e., ovaries and testes)
Pineal gland

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20
Q

chemicals produced by endocrine organs and transported by vascular system to other tissues or target organ at a lower concentration

A

hormones

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21
Q

t/f hormones exist in biological active state for some time and are degraded or destroyed

A

true

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22
Q

protein hormones

A

GH
insulin
ACTH

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23
Q

peptide hormones

A

oxytocin
vassopressin

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24
Q

amino acid derivatives hormones

A

dopamine
melatonin
epinephrine

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25
steroid or fatty acid derivative hormones
cortisol progesterone Vit D
26
gaseous hormones
nitric oxide
27
2 classes of hormones based on their solubility
water soluble lipid soluble
28
catecholamines
water soluble hormones and peptide/protein hormones
29
epinephrine and norepinephrine are an example of
catecholamines
30
steroid hormones are
lipid soluble hormones
31
name examples of lipid soluble hormones
include thyroid hormone steroid hormones fatty acid derived Vitamin D3
32
steps of hormone synthesis
* protein hormones are synthesized as pre-hormones synthesized in ribosomes * cleaved by rough endoplasmic reticulum to pro-hormones *pro-hormones enters the golgi apparatus to form active hormones
33
active hormones are stored in
granules
34
hormones are released by
exocytosis
35
steroid hormones are synthesized and released in the
liver
36
37
steroid hormones synthesized in the liver are not
stored
38
2 classifications of secretion of peptides
regulated and constitutive
39
regulated secretion
cells stores the hormone in secretory granules and releases them in bursts when stimulated
40
most common pathway and allows cells to secrete a large amount of hormone over a short period of time
regulated secretion
41
constitutive secretion
cell does not store hormones but secretes it from secretory vesicles as it is synthesized
42
difference between regulated and constitutive secretion
regulated-stored in secretory granules constitutive - not stores in cells, synthesized and secreted from secretory vesicles
43
thyroid hormones
made from amino acids have intracellular receptors in the nucleus continue to express their control functions for days or even weeks
44
difference between peptide hormones and amino acid hormones
thyroid hormone - intracellular receptor peptide hormone - cell surface receptor
45
2 organs where steroid hormones are synthesized
tissues of gonads and adrenal gonads
46
steroid hormones produced in gonads
sex hormones androgen - testosterone estrogen - estradiol progestins - progesterone
47
steroid hormones produced in adrenal gonads
Mineralocorticoids- (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol or corticosterone)
48
the precursor of steroid and lipid hormones is
cholesterol
49
rate limiting step of steroid hormones
conversion of pregnonolone to cholesterol
50
rate limiting step in synthesis of all steroid hormones
conversion of steroid hormone to prenenolone
51
cholesterol within the mitochondria is converted to
pregnenolone
52
enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone
CYP 11A1
53
The type of steroid hormone that is synthesized depends on
presence of specific enzymes within the cell.
54
For transport in blood, steroids hormones bind to
plasma proteins like albumin
55
steroid hormone binding to albumin is high or low affinity / specific or non-specific?
low affinity and non-specific
56
how are steroids hormones usually eliminated?
inactivating metabolic and transformation and excretion in URINE AND BILE
57
t/f Steroid hormones bind to cell surface receptors
false, they do not bind to cell surface receptors
58
Hydrophilic Short half lives Cell surface receptors
peptide hormones
59
Hydrophobic Longer half life Intracellular receptors
steroid hormones
60
describe the secretion of epinephrine
secreted within seconds after stimulation, and develop action within seconds to minutes
61
5 mechanisms of control of hormone secretion
negative feedback degree of activity of the target tissue regulation of gene transcript and and translation involved in processing and in releasing it positive feedback cycling variations
62
example of hormones that are controlled by positive feedback mechanism
LH and oxytocin
63
cyclic variation in control of hormone secretion
seasonal changes development and aging diurnal cycle sleep
64
mechanisms of hormone transport in blood
dissolved in the plasma (peptides and catecholamines) bound to plasma proteins (steroid and thyroid hormones)
65
define hormone receptor interactions
a protein that binds a ligand with high affinity and low capacity. This binding must be SATURABLE.
66
How does a tissue become a target for a hormone?
by expressing a specific receptor for it
67
hormone-receptor interaction is defined by
equilibrium constant called the Kd, or dissociation constant.
68
dissociation constant measures if
the interaction is reversible and how easily the hormone is displaced from the receptor QUANTIFYNG AFFININTY
69
3 types of hormones receptors
in or on the surface of the cell membrane (protein, and catecholamine hormones) in the cell cytoplasm (steroid hormones) in the cell nucleus (thyroid & steroid hormones)
70
receptors for water soluble proteins are found on
the surface of the target cell on the plasma membrane coupled with second messenger systems
71
Receptors for the lipid soluble hormones are in
nucleus of the target cell hormones diffuse by the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
72
2 types of hormone receptors and activation
agonists antagonists
73
agonists
molecules that bind the receptor and induce all the post-receptor events that lead to a biologic effect. act like the "normal" hormone, although perhaps more or less potently
74
antagonists
molecules that bind to the receptor and blocks the binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signaling events
75
t/f biological response can be achieved at concentrations of hormones lower than the required to occupy all receptor cells
true
76
examples of hormones that work with spare receptors (concentration is lower than the required to occupy all receptor cells)
insulin LH
77
% of spare receptors
97
78
maximum biological response occurs when receptors are ocuppied on an avarage of
3%
79
more spare reeptors in the target cell =
more sensitivity to the hormone lower concentration of hormone required to achieve half-maximal response
80
3 steps of the mechanism of intracellular receptors of steroid hormones (thyroid, retinoid and vit. D)
1. receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus 2. binding to a specific regulatory promoter of the DNA sequence 3. transcription of specific genes and formation of mRNA
81
how does intracellular signaling works?
formation a hormone-receptor complex
82
4 types of intracellular signaling
1. ion channel-linked receptors 2. G protein-linked hormone receptors 3. enzyme-linked hormone receptors 4. intracellular hormone receptors and activation of genes
83
In receptors for lipid-soluble hormones, what are the response elements?
Specific DNA sequences where the receptor-hormone complex binds
84
What is the consequence of the receptor-hormone complex binding to the response elements?
gene expression change and transcription of mRNA The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm where it is translated into a protein
85
responses evoked by lipid soluble hormones are slow or fast?
SLOW
86
HORMONE activity is limited by
THE METABOLSIM of the hormone
87
2 mechanisms of hormone degradation
enzymatic rocesses transforming into sulfates and glucuronides to be excreted in urine or bile via H2O
88
Mechanism of degradation of steroid hormones
in the liver conjugation with sulfates and glucuronides increases water solubility and is excreted in urine.
89
thyroid hormone degradation
Removal of iodine molecules
90
protein hormones are cleaved by
peptidases
91
hormonal measurements
bioassay-standarized curve constructed with the activity of the unkown Chemical methods - chroma or spectrophotometry Immmuno assay -ELISA OR radioactive
92
Endocrine diseases result from
hormone deficiency, hormone excess or hormone resistance
93
Hormone excess usually results in
DISEASE
94
hormone deficiency almost without exception, causes
DISEASE
95
CAUSES OF HORMONE DEFICIENCIES
genetic defects in hormone production infection, infarction, tumor growth autoimmune disrorders
96
Type 1 diabetes is a consequence of
hormone deficiency

FF4 TEST 2 (20 decks)

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