GI tract secretion

Question 1

Digestive enzymes are secreted towards the

Answer 1

lumen

Question 2

hormones for regulation are secreted towards the

Answer 2

blood

Question 3

GI-associated glands

Answer 3

salivary
pancreas
liver

Question 4

4 Type of accessory GI assoc. glands

Answer 4

single-mucous glands
tubular glands
esophageal glands
brunner’s glands

Question 5

Gastric glands and intestinal glands are an example of what type of glands

Answer 5

tubular galnds (stomach - colon)

Question 6

esophageal glands are also known as

Answer 6

submucosal glands

Question 7

the most potent stimulus for secretion

Answer 7

food in the GI tract

Question 8

other types of stimulation for secretion

Answer 8

mechanical
distention of gut wall
chemical irritation
hormones

Question 9

gastrin
GIP
GLP-1
are hormones that stimulate

Answer 9

GI secretion

Question 10

Mucus fxns.

Answer 10

protects gut mucosa from damage by lowering resistance to slippage
resistant to digestive enzymes
restrains enteric microbiota
buffer for small amounts of acids

Question 11

salivary glands of the head

Answer 11

parotid
mandibular
sublingual

Question 12

The salivary glands of the head can be categorized as

Answer 12

serous or mucus

Question 13

parotid salivary gland is

Answer 13

serous

Question 14

mandibular salivary gland is

Answer 14

serous + mucous

Question 15

sublingual gland is

Answer 15

serous + mucous

Question 16

name two salivary digestive enzymes

Answer 16

salivary amylase
salivary lipase

Question 17

fxn. of salivary amylase

Answer 17

breakdown of starch into maltose
not present in cattle, dog, cats or horses

Question 18

fxn. of salivary lipase

Answer 18

breakdown of lipids, limited action in farm animals

Question 19

General fxns. of saliva

Answer 19

lubrication of food
slightly basic in dogs and ruminants
inhibits bacterial growth
prevents tooth decay

Question 20

t/f in dogs, saliva works as an evaporative cooling

Answer 20

true

Question 21

t/f in cows the fluid environment is to neutralize acid

Answer 21

true

Question 22

type of epithelium in the mucosa, submucosa and muscularis layers

Answer 22

thick stratified squamous epithelium

Question 23

located in the submucosal layer of the esophageal wall
consists of mucous cells with or without a minor serous component and produces mucins and bicarbonate
prevents mucosal excoriations (peeling), stomach acid caused ulceration

Answer 23

esophageal gland

Question 24

t/f the stomach contains gastric rugae

Answer 24

true

Question 25

known as foveolar epithelium, similar to the goblet cells secreting mucus, covering the surface and gastric pit

Answer 25

surface mucous cells

Question 26

location of gastrics glands in stomach

Answer 26

caridac fundic = oxyntic pyloric

Question 27

4 types of secretory cells in gastric glands

Answer 27

neck cells chief cells parietal cells enteroendocrine cells

Question 28

mucus, continuation of the surface mucous cells

Answer 28

neck cells

Question 29

secrete pepsinogen

Answer 29

chief cells

Question 30

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

Answer 30

parietal oxyntic cells

Question 31

3 types of enteroendocrine cells

Answer 31

ECL celld D cells G cells

Question 32

ECL enteroendocrine cells secrete

Answer 32

HIstamine

Question 33

D enteroendocrine cells secrete

Answer 33

somatostatin

Question 34

G enteroendocrine cells secrete

Answer 34

gastrin

Question 35

gastric epithelial cells and gland cells secrete

Answer 35

intrinsic factor B12 mucus water pepsinogen HCl

Question 36

specific site of parietal cells that secretes HCl

Answer 36

apical membrane containing canaliculi

Question 37

t/f ATPase proton pump is in charge of HCL transport

Answer 37

trye

Question 38

1 characteristic of parietal cells

Answer 38

contain the proton pump

Question 39

mechanism to increase acid production

Answer 39

increasing the surface area in the apical membrane with extensive caniculi by fusing tubular and vesicular organelles containing high concentration of H-K pumps when stimulated by histamine, gastrin and ACh

Question 40

What neurotransmitter is involved in neural/endocrine regulation of acid secretion?

Answer 40

ACh

Question 41

3 steps of the neural/endocrine mechanism of acid secretion

Answer 41

amino acids in the stomach stimulate and ACh from vagus nerve stimulate gastrin sceretion gastrin stimulates histmine release form ECL cells Histamine stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl

Question 42

in the neural/endocrine secretion mechanism, whicih substance is the more important regulator? histamine gastrin ACh

Answer 42

histamine

Question 43

Which receptor of parietal cells does histamine act on?

Answer 43

H2 in a paracrine manner

Question 44

Which receptor of parietal cells does ACh act on?

Answer 44

M receptors

Question 45

What substance inhibits ACh, and which cells produce it?

Answer 45

somatostatin produced by D cells

Question 46

3 mechanism of gastric acid secretion regulation

Answer 46

aluminum or magnesium hydroxide H2 blockers proton pump inhibitor

Question 47

3 phases of gastric secretion

Answer 47

cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase

Question 48

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is mediated by___ and will cause _____

Answer 48

vagus nerve PSNS excitement and pepsin and acid production

Question 49

In what phase of gastric secretion is this occurring? local nervous secretory reflexes vagal reflexes gastrin-histamine stimulation

Answer 49

gastric phase

Question 50

In what phase of gastric secretion is this occurring? nervous mechanisms , and hormonal mechanisms

Answer 50

intestinal phase

Question 51

what inhibits gastric secretion in intestinal phase?

Answer 51

Reverse enterogastric reflex via myenteric nervous system hormones

Question 52

The reverse enterogastric reflex via the myenteric nervous system is initiated by

Answer 52

presence of food in upper intestine

Question 53

Hormones that inhibit gastric secretion

Answer 53

GIP GLP-1 somatostatin

Question 54

Where does most of the enzymatic digestion occur?

Answer 54

small intestine

Question 55

What is secreted and reabsorbed in the small intestine during the digestive process?

Answer 55

water

Question 56

Water flows in the small intetsine in response to

Answer 56

osmotic gradients

Question 57

2 mechanisms of secretion that etsablish osmotic gradient pulling water into lumen of intestine

Answer 57

Increases in luminal osmotic pressure resulting from influx and digestion of foodstuffs Crypt cells actively secrete electrolytes, leading to water secretion

Question 58

cyclic AMP-dependent chloride channel - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR

Answer 58

Water secretion mechanism by crypt cells in small intestine

Question 59

Mutation in cyclic AMP-dependent chloride channel causes

Answer 59

cystic fibrosis

Question 60

steps of water secretion mediated by cyclic cAMP

Answer 60

Cl ions enter the crypt cells by contrasnport with Na and K activation of adebyl cyclase leads to generation of cAMP Elevated intracellular concentrations of cAMP in crypt cells activate the CFTR, resulting in secretion of chloride ions into the lumen. Accumulation of negatively-charged chloride anions in the crypt creates an electric potential that attracts sodium, pulling it into the lumen, across tight junctions - the net result is secretion of NaCl. Secretion of NaCl into the crypt creates an osmotic gradient across the tight junction and water is drawn into the lumen

Question 61

example of sickness cause by the excessive activation of cAMP

Answer 61

cholera

Question 62

Abnormal activation of the cAMP-dependent chloride channel (CFTR in crypt cells causes

Answer 62

massive secretion of water due to the chloride channels stuck in open position, resulting in massive secretion of water

Question 63

2 effects that hormone secretion in the small intestine cause

Answer 63

ihibit gastric secretion stimulate insulin sercetion

Question 64

incretins: GIP GLP-1

Answer 64

induce insulin secretion

Question 65

inuslin is serceted from where in the pancreas?

Answer 65

islets

Question 66

fxns. or large intestine

Answer 66

mucous secretion reabsoroption of water and electrolytes

Question 67

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Answer 67

Large intestine glands with a lot of goblet cells for mucus production

Question 68

t/f Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine

Answer 68

true